Mohamed Khasim Vs State of Mysore by Sales Officer No 7th Sub Circle Bangalore - Citation 371164 - Court Judgment

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 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
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			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
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		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
		'court' => 'Karnataka',
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		'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
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		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
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 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
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			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
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			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
		'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
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		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
		'court' => 'Karnataka',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
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sales tax - levy - section 20 of mysore sales tax act, 1948 and sale of goods act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under section 20 of mysore sales tax act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under act of 1948 - taxing officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - high court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings. - section 149; [ram mohan reddy, j] compensation - claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders appeal.....

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			'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
			'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
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			'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
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 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => '',
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			'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
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			'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
		'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
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		'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
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		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
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		'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
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		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
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			'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
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			'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
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 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => '',
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			'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
			'court' => 'Karnataka',
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			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
		'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
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		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
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		'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
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order1. the petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the first class magistrate, civil station, bangalore in c. c. nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of rs. 25/- in each case.2. the prosecution was under section 20, mysore sales-tax act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. a common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. they were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. mr. nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. i am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is.....

Judgment:

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs State of Mysore by Sales Officer No 7th Sub Circle Bangalore - Citation 371164 - Court Judgment | ',
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			'id' => '371164',
			'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
			'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
			'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => '',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
			'court' => 'Karnataka',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
			'deposition' => '',
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			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
		'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
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		'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
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 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
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		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
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		'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
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		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>6. Order accordingly.<p>',
	(int) 11 => '<p>'
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ORDER

1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.

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			'id' => '371164',
			'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
			'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
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			'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
			'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
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			'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
			'court' => 'Karnataka',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
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		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
		'court' => 'Karnataka',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => '',
		'pubs' => 'AIR1955Kant41; AIR1955Mys41; (1956)34MysLJ193',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'sub' => 'Sales Tax;Criminal',
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		'circuit' => null
	)
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	(int) 0 => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>6. Order accordingly.<p>',
	(int) 11 => '<p>'
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2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs State of Mysore by Sales Officer No 7th Sub Circle Bangalore - Citation 371164 - Court Judgment | ',
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		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '371164',
			'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
			'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
			'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => '',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
			'court' => 'Karnataka',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
		'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
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		'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
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		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
		'court' => 'Karnataka',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
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		'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>6. Order accordingly.<p>',
	(int) 11 => '<p>'
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3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.

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			'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
			'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
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			'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
			'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => '',
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			'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
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			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
		'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
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		'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
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		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
		'court' => 'Karnataka',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
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		'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>6. Order accordingly.<p>',
	(int) 11 => '<p>'
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4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.

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			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
			'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => '',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
			'court' => 'Karnataka',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1955Kant41; AIR1955Mys41; (1956)34MysLJ193',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
			'sub' => 'Sales Tax;Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'mohamed-khasim-vs-officer-bangalore',
	'args' => array(
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$title_for_layout = 'Mohamed Khasim Vs State of Mysore by Sales Officer No 7th Sub Circle Bangalore - Citation 371164 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '371164',
		'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
		'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => '',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
		'court' => 'Karnataka',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1955Kant41; AIR1955Mys41; (1956)34MysLJ193',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'sub' => 'Sales Tax;Criminal',
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		'circuit' => null
	)
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>6. Order accordingly.<p>',
	(int) 11 => '<p>'
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It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs State of Mysore by Sales Officer No 7th Sub Circle Bangalore - Citation 371164 - Court Judgment | ',
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			'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
			'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
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			'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
			'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
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			'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
			'court' => 'Karnataka',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
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			'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
		'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
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		'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => '',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
		'court' => 'Karnataka',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
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		'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>6. Order accordingly.<p>',
	(int) 11 => '<p>'
)
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A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs State of Mysore by Sales Officer No 7th Sub Circle Bangalore - Citation 371164 - Court Judgment | ',
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			'id' => '371164',
			'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
			'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
			'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => '',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
			'court' => 'Karnataka',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1955Kant41; AIR1955Mys41; (1956)34MysLJ193',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
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		'id' => '371164',
		'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
		'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => '',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
		'court' => 'Karnataka',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>6. Order accordingly.<p>',
	(int) 11 => '<p>'
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In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs State of Mysore by Sales Officer No 7th Sub Circle Bangalore - Citation 371164 - Court Judgment | ',
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			'id' => '371164',
			'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
			'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
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			'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
			'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
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			'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
			'court' => 'Karnataka',
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			'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
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			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
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 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
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		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
		'court' => 'Karnataka',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
		'deposition' => '',
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		'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>6. Order accordingly.<p>',
	(int) 11 => '<p>'
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It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.

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			'id' => '371164',
			'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
			'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
			'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => '',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
			'court' => 'Karnataka',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
		'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
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		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
		'court' => 'Karnataka',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
		'overruledby' => null,
		'prhistory' => '',
		'pubs' => 'AIR1955Kant41; AIR1955Mys41; (1956)34MysLJ193',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'sub' => 'Sales Tax;Criminal',
		'link' => null,
		'circuit' => null
	)
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	(int) 0 => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>6. Order accordingly.<p>',
	(int) 11 => '<p>'
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Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs State of Mysore by Sales Officer No 7th Sub Circle Bangalore - Citation 371164 - Court Judgment | ',
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		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '371164',
			'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
			'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
			'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => '',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
			'court' => 'Karnataka',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
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 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
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		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
		'court' => 'Karnataka',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
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		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>6. Order accordingly.<p>',
	(int) 11 => '<p>'
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5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.

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			'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
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 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
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			'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
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			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
		'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
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		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
		'court' => 'Karnataka',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
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		'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>6. Order accordingly.<p>',
	(int) 11 => '<p>'
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6. Order accordingly.

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			'id' => '371164',
			'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
			'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
			'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
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			'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
			'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
			'casesref' => '',
			'citingcases' => '',
			'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
			'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
			'court' => 'Karnataka',
			'court_type' => 'HC',
			'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
			'deposition' => '',
			'favorof' => null,
			'findings' => null,
			'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
			'judgement' => 'ORDER<p style="text-align: justify;">1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. Order accordingly.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
			'observations' => null,
			'overruledby' => null,
			'prhistory' => '',
			'pubs' => 'AIR1955Kant41; AIR1955Mys41; (1956)34MysLJ193',
			'ratiodecidendi' => '',
			'respondent' => 'State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
			'sub' => 'Sales Tax;Criminal',
			'link' => null,
			'circuit' => null
		)
	),
	'casename_url' => 'mohamed-khasim-vs-officer-bangalore',
	'args' => array(
		(int) 0 => '371164',
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$title_for_layout = 'Mohamed Khasim Vs State of Mysore by Sales Officer No 7th Sub Circle Bangalore - Citation 371164 - Court Judgment | '
$desc = array(
	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '371164',
		'acts' => '<a href="/act/133280/code-of-criminal-procedure-1898-complete-act">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898</a> - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act',
		'appealno' => 'Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954',
		'appellant' => 'Mohamed Khasim',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'casenote' => 'Sales Tax - levy - Section 20 of Mysore sales Tax Act, 1948 and Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - petitioner prosecuted under Section 20 of Mysore Sales Tax Act - material supplied for construction merges in immovable property and its value to be apportioned for purposes of taxation as contemplated in Act of 1948 and hence meaning of sale in Act of 1948 could neither be confined nor limited to as understood in Act of 1930 - contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under Act of 1948 - Taxing Officer in absence of proof allowed reduction of 30% from entire bill amount which is adequate and reasonable - High court refused to interfere with aforesaid findings.


 - Section 149; [Ram Mohan Reddy, J] Compensation - Claimants were passengers in the goods carriage and not loaders  Appeal against fastening liability on the Insurance Company  Held, The motor vehicle in question, indisputably a goods carriage, meant for carrying goods and not passengers in which the 1st respondent /claimant travelled and sustained injuries. It is for the insured owner of the vehicle to make good the compensation and no liability could be fastened on the appellant / insurer.  -  The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles.',
		'caseanalysis' => null,
		'casesref' => '',
		'citingcases' => '',
		'counselplain' => 'S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.',
		'counseldef' => 'Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General',
		'court' => 'Karnataka',
		'court_type' => 'HC',
		'decidedon' => '1954-08-10',
		'deposition' => '',
		'favorof' => null,
		'findings' => null,
		'judge' => 'Balakrishnaiya, J.',
		'judgement' => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.</p><p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.</p><p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.</p><p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.</p><p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.</p><p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.</p><p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.</p><p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.</p><p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.</p><p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.</p><p>6. Order accordingly.<p></p><p>',
		'observations' => null,
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		'pubs' => 'AIR1955Kant41; AIR1955Mys41; (1956)34MysLJ193',
		'ratiodecidendi' => '',
		'respondent' => 'State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore',
		'sub' => 'Sales Tax;Criminal',
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		'circuit' => null
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$content = array(
	(int) 0 => 'ORDER<p>1. The petitioner who is common to these petitions has been convicted by the First Class Magistrate, Civil Station, Bangalore in C. C. Nos. 1180 & 1181/53 on his file and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 25/- in each case.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>2. The prosecution was under Section 20, Mysore Sales-tax Act, and related to the default in the payment of sales-tax assessed amounting to Rs. 243-11-3 for the year 50-51 and Rs. 956-6-3 for the year 49-50. A common plea that he is not liable to pay taxes levied was entered into to both these cases. They were tried together as the offences were similar and against the same per-son. Mr. Nanjundaswamy, on behalf of the petitioner, raised rather faintly, an argument that the joint trial is void. I am unable to appreciate the argument since the procedure adopted is neither illegal nor is it shown that any prejudics has been caused to the petitioner thereby.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>3. It is next contended by the learned Advocate for the petitioner, that the petitioner was not afforded adequate opportunity to prove his defence. This contention is not supported by records. The petitioner failed to produce the records offered to the Court as evidence and closed his case by examining one defence witness. He is admittedly a building contractor who has drawn the consolidated bills tendered to the Corporation for having constructed buildings. In the absence of proof regarding the exact value of labour expended a reduction of 30 per cent on the aggregate value of the bills drawn was allowed towards labour by the assessing officer and the balance was adopted as the basis for fixing the turnover for purposes of determining the value of materials supplied and used in the contracts.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>4. It is undisputed that the assessing officer did follow the procedure prescribed under Section 13 of the Act in levying the tax under question. In spite of demand notices having been served on the petitioner; the taxes remained unpaid and hence a prosecution was launched. Against the tax levied by the Sales Tax Officer, the assessee has a right to object to the tax under Section 14 of the Act. Section 15 provides for revision by Government and a demand for reference to the High Court on a question of law may be availed of by the assessee under Section 16 of the Act. He does not appear to have availed himself of the remedies so provided. When the assessing officer has sought the help of the Court under Section 20 of the Act for enforcement of the demand, the petitioner has put forward his plea that he is not liable for taxation. That plea was not available to him under Section 22 as the court is permitted (sic) to call into question the assessment levied in accordance with the provisions of the Act.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>It has been held in more than one case by this High Court that a criminal court cannot adjudicate upon the validity of the tax under the (provisions of the Sales Tax Act. (Vide -- 'Rama Iyer v. Govt. of Mysore', AIR 1951 Mys 70 (A)). Lastly it was contended that a works contract of the nature is not liable to be taxed under the Sales-tax Act and the learned counsel for the petitioner rested his contention on a recent decision of the Madras High Court. I am referred to the extract in the journal section of 67 Mad LW 72 (-- 'Gannon Dunkerly & Co. v. State of Madras', AIR 1954 Mad 1130 (B)). In that case the Madras High Court has held that the power of taxing works contract under the pretence of sale of goods is ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. In the absence of a full report it is rather difficult to appreciate the applicability of that decision to the facts of the cases under consideration.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>A month earlier to that decision the same Bench of the Madras High Court dealt with a case of a job printer and it has been reported in -- 'Ramaswami v. State of Madras', : AIR1954Mad980 (C). The assessee there was a job printer and tendered bills for printing work making a distinction between the value of printing and also the value of papers supplied separately. The learned Judge observed that if it was the customer's paper that was used and if that paper was sold by the printer himself and used for the printing, that sale would be' liable to tax, if the total turnover of these sales was above Rs. 10,000/-. Regarding another item, in the bill shown as a receipt for Civil Court, work done, which obviously included the value of paper supplied and the labour involved in printing, the Court remarked that there was no need to apportion the amount between the cost of labour and cost of material deemed to have been sold within the meaning of the definition of 'Works contract' as the amount is below the taxable limit. In the latter decision referred to above, full report of which is yet to be published, the assessee was engaged in constructing contracts of all kinds such as buildings, road and bridges, etc. He contended that works contracts, of the nature are not contracts for sale of goods and cannot be brought within the ambit of the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The learned Judges who dealt with that contention observed that the transaction denoted by the expression 'sale of goods' in the Sale of Goods Act has a well defined meaning under law and that the power of Provincial Legislature to levy a tax on sale of goods is confined only to the transaction of sale as understood by the Parliament in the United Kingdom in the law relating to sale of goods and any attempt of the Legislature to tax under the guise of such power transactions which are outside it, will be ultra vires and must be declared as invalid. It was also held in that case that contracts which involve labour and work may relate either to chattel or to immoveable properties and that as the contractor is required to supply himself with the materials necessary for producing the things by employing labour and work such contracts are considered in law to be entire and indivisible in the sense that complete fulfilment of promise is a condition precedent for demanding consideration and that the supply of material by the employee or the contractor does not involve any element of sale.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>In that view the learned Judges concluded that the amendment introduced in 1947 containing a definition of 'works contract' including an extension of the concept of sale of goods was ultra vires the Provincial Legislature. It is difficult to follow this reasoning. It will be remembered that earlier the same Judges had held that the case of a job printer who supplied paper for printing the material used may be deemed as having been sold and that such sale would be liable to tax. Following the same train of reasoning building contract cannot also be considered indivisible any more than a contract to produce a book. The Amending Act takes note of the moveable properties utilised in the works contract and includes the material used for construction of immoveable property in the definition of goods. The Legislature has made its intention very clear and hence necessary changes were also made in the definition of the word 'sale' which provided that sale includes also a transfer of property in goods involved in the execution of a works contract. The new definition that was introduced relating to works contract may basically relate to immoveable property like building, road and bridge or it may relate to moveable property like car, radio, or other articles. The nature of the work may be construction, fitting out, improvement or repair. So the case of either the construction of a building or the repair of a car comes under the definition of works contract with taxable turnover.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>It is obvious that the material that was supplied for construction merges in the immoveable property and its value has to be apportioned for purposes of taxation, as contemplated in the Sales-tax Act and hence the meaning of sale in the Sales-tax Act can neither be confined nor limited to the meaning of that expression, as understood in the Sale of Goods Act. The Mysore Sales-tax Act of 1948 incorporates the amendments of 1947 in the Madras Act. It is not necessary to labour this point further as the petitioner has not raised these grounds in any of the petitions under consideration; besides, as already remarked the particular bills of construction by which he has drawn the amounts from the Corporation were not made available.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>Indeed, the contract to supply labour and work cannot be taxed under the Sales-tax Act. The contention was once raised by the assessee that he supplied merely labour. That contention is now abandoned. The taxing officer has in the absence of proof allowed a reduction of 30 percent, from the entire bill amount and this does not appear to be either inadequate or unreasonable. On a consideration of the circumstances, I am of opinion that no cases is made out for interference in either of these petitions.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>5. Lastly, the learned advocate urged that the fines levied are rather severe. The amounts of taxes in respect of which there was default in payment are Rs. 243-11-3 and Rs. 956-6-3 respectively. The Advocate-General who was heard, has left to the Court the consideration of the question of severity of the sentence. Taking all circumstances into consideration, I reduce the amount of fine to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/- respectively in place of Rs. 25/- and Rs. 25/- respectively imposed by the trial court. The direction for the recovery of tax levied will stand. With the modification of the sentence as indicated above, both the petitions are dismissed.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>6. Order accordingly.<p>',
	(int) 11 => '<p>'
)
$paragraphAfter = (int) 1
$cnt = (int) 12
$i = (int) 11
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Subject	Sales Tax;Criminal
Court	Karnataka High Court
Decided On	Aug-10-1954
Case Number	Criminal Revn. Petn. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1954
Judge	Balakrishnaiya, J.
Reported in	AIR1955Kant41; AIR1955Mys41; (1956)34MysLJ193
Acts	Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) , 1898 - Sections 233; Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 - Sections 12, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 22; Sale and Goods Act
Appellant	Mohamed Khasim
Respondent	State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore
Appellant Advocate	S. Nanjundaswamy, Adv.
Respondent Advocate	Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, Adv. General

Mohamed Khasim Vs. State of Mysore by Sales Officer, No. 7th Sub Circle, Bangalore - Court Judgment