Ranjyotsingh Gurudayalsingh Vs. the State of Maharashtra (at the Instance of Senior Inspector of Police) - Court Judgment

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criminal - murder - sections 302 of indian penal code, 1860 - appellant and co-accused arrested for committing murder of deceased - sessions judge convicted both accused for offences punishable under section 302 of ipc - appeal - held, prosecution must discharge burden of establishing all circumstances which link accused with crime - circumstances must be consistent only with guilt - no infirmity in judgment of sessions judge - appeal dismissed. - article 14: [r.m. lodha, s.a. bobde & s.b. deshmukh, jj] retiral benefit - classification between part time lecturers and full time teachers held, the part-time lecturers form a class by themselves and the said classification between part time lecturers and full-time teachers for purpose of granting retrial benefits cannot be said to be unconstitutional or bad in law -- consumer protection act, 1986 -- article 16; right to pension held, it is true that the pension is neither a bounty nor a matter of grace depending upon the sweet will of the employer. however, the right of pension is always subject to the rules. it is not inherent in the employment. though pension is a payment for a past service rendered and it is a social welfare measure, but it is well settled that an employee is not entitled to pension de hors the rules. in the instant case the government resolution dated 21.7.1983 held that the said pension scheme is only applicable to the employees covered therein. a part time teacher, unfortunately, is not covered by the said scheme and, therefore, not entitled. retirement benefit; differentiation between full time teachers and part-time lecturers government resolution providing for retrial benefits to full-time teaching staff part-time lecturer were not entitled to said benefit held, it is true that the pension is neither a bounty nor a matter of grace depending upon the sweet will of the employer. however, the right of pension is always subject to the rules. it is not inherent in the employment. though pension is a payment for a past service rendered and it is a social welfare measure, but it is well settled that an employee is not entitled to pension de hors the rules. in the instant case the government resolution dated 21.7.1983 held that the said pension scheme is only applicable to the employees covered therein. a part time teacher, unfortunately, is not covered by the said scheme and, therefore, not entitled. - (iii) coupled with the circumstance that the appellant was last seen together with the deceased at delhi international airport on 12th february 2001 is the circumstance that the appellant has totally failed to explain facts which were within his special knowledge within the meaning of section 106 of the evidence act. the appellant failed to explain when, if at all, he had parted company with the deceased. (iv) the appellant has been clearly identified by pw 1, pw 2, pw 4 and pw 11, all of whom were employees at the hotel. while considering the effect of some omissions in the first information report on the part of the informant, a court cannot fail to take into consideration the probable physical and mental condition of the first informant. pw 2, like pw 1 was also shown a photograph at the police station which he recognized as the photograph of the appellant. gupta, was serving as a receptionist at the hotel, like pw 1 and pw 2. on 13th february 2001 he was on duty at the reception counter in the first shift between 6 a. if really the investigating agency was satisfied that pws 2 and 12 did know the appellants from before and they were in fact amongst the miscreants, the question of holding the ti parade in respect of them for their identification could not have arisen. state of maharashtra 1998 scc (cri) 859 the supreme court held that while the identification of an accused at his trial, is substantive evidence it is, by its very nature, of a weak character. identification in the court after a long lapse of time render it unsafe to rely upon an uncorroborated piece of such evidence. the statement of the witness made in the court, a fortiori identification by him of an accused is substantive evidence but from its very nature it is inherently of a weak character. the purpose of test identification parade is to test the observation, grasp, memory, capacity to recapitulate what he has seen earlier, strength or trustworthiness of the evidence of the identification of an accused and to ascertain if it can be used as reliable corroborative evidence of the witness identifying the accused at his trial in court. if a witness identifies the accused in court for the first time after a long time, the probative value of such uncorroborated evidence becomes minimal, so much so that it becomes unsafe to rely on such a piece of evidence. it lays down the rule that when the accused does not throw any light upon facts which are specially within his knowledge and which could not support any theory or hypothesis compatible with his innocence, the court can consider his failure to adduce any explanation, as an additional link which completes the chain. in the instant case the appellants have failed to discharge this onus. the failure of the appellant to do so must weigh in the balance as a failure to explain facts which were within his special knowledge.d.y. chandrachud, j.1. the appellant and his coaccused, dharmendra ratansingh walmiki were convicted on 4th october 2004 by the additional sessions judge, mumbai of offences under section 302 read with section 34 of the penal code. they have been sentenced to suffer rigorous imprisonment for life and to pay a fine of rs.5,000/and in default, to suffer further rigorous imprisonment for a period of one year. the appellant before the court, ranjyotsingh gurudayal singh, was arraigned as accused no. 1.2. the deceased, kuljinder singh, resided at jama in the district of hoshiarpur in punjab. kuljinder singh was found dead in room 303 at hotel yatree at santacruz (east), mumbai, on 15th february 2001. the body of the deceased bore as many as eighteen incised wounds on vital parts.... the case of the prosecution is that between fifteen to twenty days prior to the incident, the appellant visited the residence of dharamsingh keharsingh sandhu (pw 8) who was the father of the deceased together with another person by the name of harpalsingh and informed him that they were arranging to send kuljinder to england. kuljinder at the material time was a student of the b.a. degree course. according to the prosecution, the father of the deceased was informed that the appellant was an agent who was engaged in making arrangements for sending indians abroad. the appellant thereafter visited the house of the deceased frequently and is alleged to have demanded money, stating that the work of obtaining a passport for kuljinder was in progress. pw 8, the father of kuljinder, is alleged to have parted with a sum of rs.3,42,000/to the appellant on 11th february 2001. the appellant is alleged to have informed him that the balance would be recovered after pw 8 received a telephonic communication from kuljinder of his arrival in the u.k.3. it has been alleged that on 12th february 2001, the appellant together with the second accused came to the residence of pw 8 and enquired as to whether kuljinder was ready for departing. pw 8 accompanied his son, the appellant and the other accused to delhi by bus. the party is alleged to have reached delhi at 5 p.m. and to have proceeded thereafter to the international airport. the appellant is alleged to have informed pw 8 that there were other persons in the batch who were to proceed abroad and that the entire batch would be departing from mumbai at 4 a.m. on 15th february 2001. pw 8 thereupon returned to his village with the assurance of the appellant that he would be informed after kuljinder had departed from mumbai. on 13th february 2001, pw 8 received a telephone call at 8 p.m. from his son informing him that he would depart from mumbai on 15th february 2001. pw 8 is alleged to have received a call on 17th february 2001 informing him that kuljinder had reached england and that the balance of the amount should be paid over to the appellant. a few hours thereafter, the appellant made a telephone call to pw 8 informing him that kuljinder had reached england and that his relatives should be called upon to find a suitable job for him. pw 8 was informed that kuljinder had made a telephone call from a gurudwara in birmingham. according to the case of the prosecution, pw 8 received a telephone call from a person who claimed to be his son. the voice was, however, not that of kuljinder. the appellant was informed by pw 8 that he would not part with the remaining amount until he received a telephone call from his own son.4. on 23rd february 2001, the appellant is alleged to have visited the residence of pw 8 for demanding the remaining amount which pw 8 declined to pay on the ground that he had received no intimation from his son of having reached the u.k. on the same day, the police attached to the crime branch at mumbai visited the residence of pw 8 and showed him a photograph of kuljinder which pw 8 identified. pw 8 identified the dead body in the photograph as the body of his son and led the police party to the house of the appellant, who had absconded.5. the body of the deceased was recovered on 15th february 2001 from room 303 of hotel yatree at santacruz. the room was opened after a complaint was lodged with the police by mohnish patil, pw 1, a receptionist on duty at the hotel. the first information report was lodged by pw 1 at 1330 hours on 15th february 2001. the time of the occurrence was alleged to be between 9.30 p.m. on 14th february 2001 and 5.30 a.m. on 15th february 2001. the appellant and the coaccused had allegedly used assumed names while checking in at the hotel; the names reflected in the register were ravi malhotra and bhupinder singh with a fictitious addresses of a place at sirsa in haryana. the appellant was arrested on 23rd march 2001. the coaccused was arrested on 5th april 2001. the accused were committed to trial. the defence was one of total denial.6. the prosecution examined twelve witnesses. chief amongst the witnesses were pw 1 mohnish patil, pw 2 john nadar and pw 4 pradeep gupta, all of whom were working as receptionists at the hotel. pw 8 dharamsingh was the father of the deceased, pw 9 dr.kalyankar conducted the post mortem. pw 11 barun biswas was a waiter at the hotel. pw 12 vijay dalvi was the investigating officer. by his judgment dated 4th october 2004, the additional sessions judge, convicted both the accused of offences punishable under section 302 read with section 34 of the penal code and sentenced them to life imprisonment, in terms already noted above.7. on behalf of the appellant it has been submitted that:(i) in the present case, which is based on circumstantial evidence, the circumstance that the appellant was last seen together with the deceased at the international airport at delhi on 12th february 2001, is not sufficient to bring home the charge of murder because over sixty hours had elapsed thereafter until the body was found at mumbai on 15th february 2001. it has been urged that the prosecution has not been able to establish as to what transpired in the interregnum; (ii) the identification of the appellant by the prosecution witnesses in the court loses significance, regard being had to the circumstance that one photograph of the appellant was picked up by the investigating team from his residence in punjab and was shown to the prosecution witnesses. and (iii) the prosecution had not obtained the opinion of a handwriting expert in respect of the entries in the hotel register when the appellant and the coaccused are alleged to have checked in on 13th february 2001.8. on the other hand, it has been urged on behalf of the state by the learned app that (i) pw 8 dharamsingh who is the father of the deceased is a truthful witness and his testimony is worthy of credence. pw 8 had given an elaborate account of the events which had transpired between the first meeting of the appellant and pw 8 where the appellant had offered to arrange to send the deceased to the u.k., until 12th february 2001 when pw 8 last saw the deceased at the airport with the appellant; (ii) there is nothing intrinsically unfair or improper about the investigating agency showing a photograph of the accused during the course of investigation. such a course of action, the supreme court has held, is only for ensuring that the investigation is proceeding in the correct direction; would lend support to the identification in court and take the place of an identification parade; (iii) coupled with the circumstance that the appellant was last seen together with the deceased at delhi international airport on 12th february 2001 is the circumstance that the appellant has totally failed to explain facts which were within his special knowledge within the meaning of section 106 of the evidence act. the appellant failed to explain when, if at all, he had parted company with the deceased. the defence of total denial in the statement under section 313 of the code of criminal procedure, 1973, is positively false and there is no reason to discredit the testimony of pw 8 who was the father of the deceased; (iv) the appellant has been clearly identified by pw 1, pw 2, pw 4 and pw 11, all of whom were employees at the hotel. the evidence of all these witnesses is cogent and trustworthy.9. the case of the prosecution rests on circumstantial evidence. the five golden principles with reference to which the case of the prosecution must be assessed have been enunciated in the judgment of the supreme court in sharad birdhichand sarda v. state of maharashtra (1984) 4 scc (cri) 116 thus:(1) the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be fully established.(2) the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused, that is to say, they should not be explainable on any other hypothesis except that the accused is guilty,(3) the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency,(4) they should exclude every possible hypothesis except the one to be proved, and(5) there must be a chain of evidence so complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for the conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and must show that in all human probability the act must have been done by the accused.10. while assessing the merits of the rival contentions, it would be necessary at the outset to consider the evidence of dharamsingh sandhu (pw 8) who was the father of the deceased. dharamsingh was 55 years of age and resided at post jama in the taluka of dasuga in the district of hoshiarpur in punjab. kuljinder, the deceased, was his only son. pw 8 deposed that about fifteen to twenty days prior to the incident, the appellant had visited his residence together with harpal singh with an offer that he would arrange to send kuljinder to the u.k. pw 8 stated that the appellant had represented to him that he was an agent who made arrangements to send indian citizens abroad. several meetings took place during which the appellant assured pw 8 that the work of obtaining a passport for kuljinder was in progress. according to pw 8, on 11th february 2001, the appellant came to his residence when an amount of rs. 3.42 lakhs was paid over to the appellant. the appellant stated that the balance should be paid after pw 8 received a phone call from kuljinder that he had reached the u.k. on 12th february 2001, the appellant and the coaccused visited the residence of pw 8 and enquired whether kuljinder was ready to depart. though an attempt was made to dissuade pw 8 from accompanying him, the appellant, kuljinder, pw 8 and the coaccused departed for delhi by bus and arrived at 5 p.m. they then proceeded to the international airport where they arrived at 7 p.m. the appellant informed pw 8 that his partner had already gone to mumbai since the other persons would depart from mumbai. the appellant informed pw 8 that kuljinder would leave mumbai by a flight departing at 4 a.m. on 15th february 2001. pw 8 deposed that he returned back to his village in punjab where his wife and daughter resided; the appellant having informed him that he would be informed of the departure of kuljinder from mumbai. on 13th february 2001 after pw 8 reached his village, there was a call from kuljinder between 8 and 8.30 p.m. informing him that he would be departing from mumbai on 15th february 2001. on 17th february 2001, pw 8 received a call from a person claiming to be kuljinder speaking from the u.k. and purporting to inform the father that he had reached his destination. shortly thereafter, there was a phone from the appellant to pw 8 informing him that kuljinder had reached england; asking pw 8 to request his relatives in the u.k. to find him a suitable job and informing him that kuljinder had spoken on the telephone from a gurudwara in birmingham. two days thereafter, the appellant made a phone call to pw 8. pw 8 informed the appellant that the person who had spoken to him on the telephone was not kuljinder to which the appellant responded by stating that his voice had changed 'due to a change in the climate in the u.k.' on 23rd february 2001, pw 8 was visited by the appellant with a demand for money when he was informed that no money would be paid unless a confirmation was received from kuljinder of his having reached the u.k. later on the same day, the police from the crime branch of mumbai came to the residence of pw 8 with a photograph of a dead body which pw 8 identified as the body of his son, kuljinder.11. pw 8 was crossexamined at length. pw 8 is a witness of truth. a large part of the cross examination of pw 8 has been devoted to confronting him with alleged omissions from his statement under section 164, of the details that were deposed to by him in the course of his evidence. chief amongst the omissions upon which reliance has been placed is the omission in the statement under section 164 of a reference to the payment of an amount of rs. 3.42 lakhs to the appellant. the clear answer to the submission of the defence is that an fir is not expected to be an all encompassing compendium of all the details of the crime. the fir is not an encyclopaedia of details, as the supreme court has observed. in the present case, the fir was lodged by a distraught fifty five year old father from a distant village whose only son was found murdered in a hotel in mumbai. the court must not lose sight of the probable mental and physical condition of a bereaved father. bereaved parents cannot in such situations be expected to discharge the unrealistic expectations of an astute criminal lawyer in a prosecution for the offence at a future date. in the recent judgment in animireddy venkata ramana v. public prosecutor , high court of andhra pradesh : 2008crilj2038 the supreme court observed thus:in the first information report all the accused persons were named and overt acts on their part were also stated at some length. each and every detail of the incident was not necessary to be stated. a first information report is not meant to be encyclopaedic. while considering the effect of some omissions in the first information report on the part of the informant, a court cannot fail to take into consideration the probable physical and mental condition of the first informant. one of the important factors which may weigh with the court is as to whether there was a possibility of false implication of the appellants. only with a view to test the veracity of the correctness of the contents of the report, the court applies certain wellknown principles of caution. pw 8 deposed that the investigating officer had accompanied him to the house of the appellant and during the course of the search, the police took a photograph of the appellant. this aspect of the matter would be considered in greater detail when the question as to the identity of the accused is addressed during the course of this judgment. at this stage, it merits emphasis that the testimony of pw 8 who was the father of the deceased, contains an account of the prior dealings of the appellant with pw 8 upon a representation that he would arrange for sending kuljinder abroad. the evidence of pw 8 contains an elaboration of the events which took place culminating in the evening of 12th february 2001 when the appellant informed pw 8 that kuljinder would be departing for the u.k. from mumbai at 4 a.m. on 15th february 2001. pw 8 returned home to his village in punjab thereafter. there can be no manner of doubt that pw 8 is a witness of truth. there is no reason for pw 8 to depose falsely. the omissions to which a reference has been made by counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant do not discredit the testimony of pw 8. pw 8 identified the appellant as the person who had visited him repeatedly with an offer to send kuljinder abroad and with whom the appellant was last seen together on or about 7 p.m. on 12th february 2001 at delhi international airport by pw 8. the appellant had represented to pw 8 that the deceased was being taken by him to mumbai and that the deceased would be departing from mumbai at 4 a.m. on 15th february 2001.12. the next link in the case of the prosecution relates to the circumstances which transpired between 12th february 2001 until the body of the deceased was recovered from the room in hotel yatree on 15th february 2001. the fir was lodged by pw 1 mohnish patil. pw 1 stated that on 13th february 2001, three guests had checked into room 303 at the hotel and their names were mentioned in the register maintained at the hotel. pw 1 who was not on duty on 13th february 2001 reported for the first shift on 14th february 2001 and at about 11.30 a.m. all the three guests were about to leave the hotel. pw 1 asked the said three guests as to whether they were going to continue in the room to which he received an affirmative response. one of the three guests whom pw 1 identified as the appellant herein in court, deposited an amount of rs.1200/against which a receipt was issued. pw 1 identified both the appellant and the coaccused in court. on 15th february 2001 pw 1 was again on duty for the first shift. according to him, he received no response from room 303 between 12.30 p.m. and 12.45 p.m. and sent a waiter upto the room. again there was no response. pw 1 reported this to the vakola police station. the police obtained a duplicate key and upon the room being opened, pw 1 found that the third guest who had accompanied the appellant and the coaccused was lying dead in a pool of blood. pw 1 participated in the identification parade held at the arthur road jail in respect of the second accused. admittedly no identification parade was held in respect of the appellant. in his complaint to the police, exhibit 12, pw 1 has stated the assumed names of the two accused, namely, ravi malhotra and bhupender singh as reflected in the hotel register. during the course of his crossexamination, pw 1 stated that on 13th february 2001 his further statement was recorded by the police after he had identified a photograph which was shown to him by the police.13. pw 2 john nadar, was a receptionist at the hotel and reported for the third shift at 10 p.m. on 14th february 2001. his testimony was that between 4.30 a.m. and 4.45 a.m. two customers went out of the hotel when he was at his counter. upon being asked, both the customers stated that they were not checking out, but were going for a walk and that one other person was sleeping in room 303. pw 2 identified the two customers who left the hotel as the appellant and the coaccused in court. pw 2, like pw 1 was also shown a photograph at the police station which he recognized as the photograph of the appellant. pw 2 participated in the identification parade of the coaccused.14. pw 4 p.s. gupta, was serving as a receptionist at the hotel, like pw 1 and pw 2. on 13th february 2001 he was on duty at the reception counter in the first shift between 6 a.m. and 2 p.m. between 1.30 and 2 p.m. three customers came to the reception counter and booked a room whereupon pw 4 made an entry against the names of the two customers as 2+1. two of the customers gave their names as ravi malhotra and bhupender singh which were accordingly recorded in the register at entry no. 80034 (exh.19). pw 4 identified the appellant as the customer who had furnished his name as ravi malhotra while checking in at the hotel. after the incident, pw 4 went to room 303 where he found the dead body of the person who had accompanied the appellant at the hotel on 13th february 2001. pw 4 accompanied the team of police officials to the village of the appellant (village chitti in jalandhar district) from where he had absconded. pw 4 deposed that the police had taken one photograph from a room of a residential house of the appellant. pw 4 had also identified the appellant at vakola police station.15. pw 11 barun biswas was a waiter at the hotel. his testimony was that there was no bell boy at the hotel and hence a waiter had to accompany each guest with the key of the room which was alloted to him. he deposed that on 13th february 2001, he had accompanied two customers who had come to the hotel and to whom room 303 was allotted. half an hour thereafter one more guest had come to the counter whom pw 1 had sent together with the witness to room 303. an extra bed was arranged for the third guest. pw 11 deposed that he had seen the occupants of room 303 again during the course of his duty on 14th february 2001. pw 11 identified the appellant in court as the person whom he had seen on 13th february 2001 together with the other occupants who had booked room 303 at the hotel.16. the principal ground of challenge to the testimony of the prosecution witnesses is that the identification of the appellant is liable to be discarded because the prosecution witnesses had been shown a photograph of the deceased during the course of investigation. pw 4, as noted earlier, accompanied the team of the police to the village of the appellant in the district of jalandhar. pw 4 deposed that the police had taken a photograph from one room of the residential house of the appellant. pw 4 deposed that he had identified the photograph. pw 1, pw 2 and pw 11 have also deposed that they had seen the photograph of the appellant at the police station. the submission before the court is that this circumstance is in itself sufficient to discredit the identification of the appellant. in support of the submission, counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant relied upon several judgments to which it would be necessary shortly hereafter to turn. on the other hand, the submission of the learned app is that there is nothing wrong in the photograph of the appellant being shown to the witnesses who were employed at the hotel during the course of the investigation and the only object was to see that the investigation was proceeding in the correct direction.17. in laxipat choraria v. state of maharashtra : 1968crilj1124 the three appellants were convicted under section 120b of the penal code and section 167(81) of the sea customs act on a charge of having entered into a criminal conspiracy to smuggle gold into india. suitcases containing strips of gold inserted under the lining of the lid were brought into india by an air hostess who was employed by air india. pw 1 who had carried the suitcases was examined as a witness and although she could have been prosecuted, she was not 3 : 1968crilj1124 arraigned as an accused. the evidence of pw 1 was questioned in respect of the identification of two of the accused because she was shown their photographs before her statement was taken. the supreme court held that it was in agreement with the principle enunciated in english cases that the showing of a large number of photographs to the witness and asking him to pick up that of the suspect is a proper procedure but showing one photograph to the witness and asking him whether he was an offender was improper. showing a photograph prior to the identification would render the identification worthless.18. in laxmi raj shetty v. state of tamil nadu : 1988crilj1783 which was an appeal arising out of a conviction under section 302 of the penal code, the supreme court considered the admissibility of an identification of the accused by showing a photograph. hon'ble mr.justice a.p. sen, while delivering the judgment of the supreme court observed as follows:in the world as a whole today, the identification by photograph is the only method generally used by the interpol and other crime detecting agencies for identification of criminals engaged in drug trafficking, narcotics and other economic offences as also in other international crimes. such identification must take the place of a test identification. the supreme court held that the identification of the accused from a photograph shown by pw 50 was sufficient to lend support to their identification in the court. in ravindra alias ravi bansi gohar v. state of maharashtra 1998 scc (cri) 1527 the photographs of the accused were shown to the witnesses who were to identify them in the test identification parade. the supreme court held that showing photographs to the witnesses prior to the identification parade vitiated the process: the identification parades belong to the investigation stage and they serve to provide the investigating authority with materials to assure themselves if the investigation is proceeding on the right lines. in other words, it is through these identification parades that the investigating agency is required to ascertain whether the persons whom they suspect to have committed the offence were the real culprits and not by showing the suspects or their photographs. such being the purpose of identification parades, the investigating agency, by showing the photographs of the suspects whom they intended to place in the ti parade, made it farcical. if really the investigating agency was satisfied that pws 2 and 12 did know the appellants from before and they were in fact amongst the miscreants, the question of holding the ti parade in respect of them for their identification could not have arisen.in ravi @ ravichandran v. state rep. by inspector of police : 2004crilj4664 photographs of the accused were taken at the police station. the investigating officer allowed them to be published. according to the prosecution witnesses, they were shown to be the accused in the crime. some of the witnesses were aware of the publication. a period of ten days elapsed before the holding of an identification parade. the supreme court held that a test identification parade was required to be held as early as possible so as to exclude the possibility of the accused being identified at the police station or at some other place by the concerned witnesses or with reference to the photographs published in the newspaper and the conviction should not be based on a vague identification.19. in d. gopalakrishnan v. sadanand naik : 2004crilj4664 the supreme court considered the question as to whether it was permissible to show a photograph to the witness during the course of investigation. the judgment of the supreme court is authority for the principle that there are no statutory guidelines governing this field in india and essentially, the court must consider whether the process followed is consistent with a fair and proper investigation. showing a photograph during the course of investigation is not an anathema to a fair investigative process. the supreme court observed as follows:there are no statutory guidelines in the matter of showing photographs to the witnesses during the stage of investigation. but nevertheless, the police is entitled to show photographs to confirm whether the investigation is going on in the right direction.in that case the infirmity noted by the supreme court was that album of photographs shown by the investigating officer to the eyewitnesses had names written underneath the photographs. that was held not to be fair and proper:it appears that the investigating officer procured the album containing the photographs with the names written underneath and showed this album to the eyewitnesses and recorded their statements under section 161 crpc. the procedure adopted by the police is not justified under law as it will affect fair and proper investigation and may sometimes lead to a situation where wrong persons are identified as assailants. during the course of the investigation, if the witness had given the identifying features of the assailants, the same could be confirmed by the investigating officer by showing the photographs of the suspect and the investigating officer shall not first show a single photograph but should show more than one photograph of the same person, if available.20. in yuvraj ambar mohite v. state of maharashtra (2006) 12 scc 512 in an appeal arising out of a conviction under section 302, one of the grounds urged before the supreme court was that only one photograph of the appellant should not have been shown to the witness in court. the supreme court referred to the judgment in gopalkrishnan. the submission urged on behalf of the appellant was not accepted.21. the position in law which emerges is that:(i) identification by means of a photograph is used by crime detecting agencies for the identification of criminals, including those whose illegal activities transcend national and geographical boundaries;(ii) such an identification, when made, takes the place of a test identification;(iii) showing of a photograph or, when available, more than one photograph during the course of investigation by the police is to confirm whether the investigation is proceeding in the right direction;(iv) basic requirements of procedural fairness must be observed; it would hence be impermissible to adopt a technique such as writing the name of the person underneath the photograph which may lead to the identification of a wrong person as the assailant;(v) if a witness has furnished identifying features of the assailants during the course of the investigation, this could be confirmed by the investigating officer by showing the photographs of the suspect but the investigating officer should not first show a single photograph, but should show more than one photograph if available;(vi) showing a photograph or photographs to a witness prior to a test identification parade would render the investigation in the t.i. parade meaningless;(vii) there are no statutory guidelines which hold the field in india in this regard and the court would have to assess in every case as to whether the procedure which has been followed is basically fair or otherwise.22. section 9 of the evidence act provides that facts which establish the identity of a person whose identity is relevant, in so far as they are necessary for that purpose. in ronny alias ronald james alwaris v. state of maharashtra 1998 scc (cri) 859 the supreme court held that while the identification of an accused at his trial, is substantive evidence it is, by its very nature, of a weak character. on the other hand, evidence of identification in a test identification parade is not substantive evidence, but is only corroborative evidence which falls in the realm of investigation. identification in the court after a long lapse of time render it unsafe to rely upon an uncorroborated piece of such evidence. on the other hand, if a witness is known to the accused in circumstances which lend assurance to the identification in the court, there is no reason why, identification of the accused in court should not be accepted. these principles emerge from the following observation of the supreme court: the statement of the witness made in the court, a fortiori identification by him of an accused is substantive evidence but from its very nature it is inherently of a weak character. the evidence of identification in the tip is not a substantive evidence but is only corroborative evidence. it falls in the realm of investigation. the substantive evidence is the statement of the witness made in the court. the purpose of test identification parade is to test the observation, grasp, memory, capacity to recapitulate what he has seen earlier, strength or trustworthiness of the evidence of the identification of an accused and to ascertain if it can be used as reliable corroborative evidence of the witness identifying the accused at his trial in court. if a witness identifies the accused in court for the first time after a long time, the probative value of such uncorroborated evidence becomes minimal, so much so that it becomes unsafe to rely on such a piece of evidence. but if a witness has known an accused earlier in such circumstances which lend assurance to identification by him in court and if there is no inherent improbability or inconsistency, there is no reason why his statement in court about the identification of accused should not be relied upon as any other acceptable but uncorroborated testimony.in kartar singh v. state of punjab 1994 scc (cri) 899 the supreme court while striking down the constitutional validity of section 22 of the terrorist and disruptive activities (prevention) act, 1987 held that identification on the basis of a photograph could not be held to have the same value as the evidence of a test identification parade. (paragraphs 360 and 361 page 1035).23. in the present case, pw 4 accompanied the team of the police to various places and ultimately to village chitti of the appellant in the district of jalandhar. a photograph of the appellant was taken from the residential house of the appellant on 12th march 2001. the appellant was not part of the identification parade that was held on 10th april 2001. showing the photograph of the appellant must be regarded as being to ensure that the investigation was proceeding in the right direction. the showing of the photograph took place on 12th march 2001 during the course of investigation. pws. 1, 2 and 4 were receptionists in hotel yatree where the accusedappellant had checked into on 13th february 2001 under an assumed name together with the coaccused and the deceased. each of these witnesses had occasion to observe the appellant and interact with the appellant in the ordinary course of their duties between the date on which he checked into the hotel and the date of the incident. pw 4 was the receptionist on duty when the appellant checked into the hotel on 13th february 2001. pw 1 was on duty at the hotel on 14th february 2001 when the appellant deposited an amount of rs.1200/. pw 2 was the receptionist on duty on the night between 14th and 15th february 2001 when the appellant together with the coaccused left the hotel at about 4.30 a.m. stating that they would return. pw 11, was an employee of the hotel who had acted as bell boy to escort the appellant into the room when he checked into the hotel on 13th february 2001. each of the aforesaid witnesses testified to having seen the appellant at different stages of his stay at the hotel commencing from the check in to the departure.24. the appellant was last seen in the company of the deceased by the father of the deceased, pw 8, on 12th february 2001 at delhi airport. pw 8 deposed that the appellant had accompanied him and kuljinder from his village in punjab. at delhi airport, the appellant informed pw 8 that he would take kuljinder to mumbai from where kuljinder would depart for the u.k. by a flight which was scheduled to leave at 4 a.m. on 15th february 2001. now, the only circumstance that the deceased was last seen in the company of the accused is not sufficient in itself to establish the guilt of the accused. (reference may be made to the judgment of the supreme court in inderjit singh v. state of punjab : 1991crilj2191 ). the significance of the 'last seen'theory is to be assessed with reference to the period of time which has elapsed since when the accused and the deceased were last seen alive and the deceased is found dead. in certain cases, the period that has elapsed since the time that the deceased and the accused were last seen together and the deceased is found dead may be so small that the possibility of any person other than the accused being the author of the crime becomes impossible. on the other hand, when there is a long gap between the two events, the possibility of a third person having intervened cannot be ruled out. consequently, in such a case, in the absence of any other positive evidence, it would be hazardous to arrive at a conclusion of guilt. this principle of law has been enunciated by the supreme court in state of u.p. v. satish 2005 11 scc (cri.)642 and in venkatesan v. state of tamil nadu 2008 sar 64625. section 106 of the evidence act provides that when any fact is especially within the knowledge of any person, the burden of proving that fact is upon him. in several recent decisions, the supreme court has held that the principle which underlies section 106 of the evidence act can be applied in the context of the last seen theory when certain facts are especially within the knowledge of a person. in the state of rajasthan v. kashi ram (2006) 12 scc 254 the supreme court held as follows:thus, if a person is last seen with the deceased, he must offer an explanation as to how and when he parted company. he must furnish an explanation which appears to the court to be probable and satisfactory. if he does so he must be held to have discharged his burden. if he fails to offer an explanation on the basis of facts within his special knowledge, he fails to discharge the burden cast upon him 13 (2006) 12 scc 254 by section 106 of the evidence act. in a case resting on circumstantial evidence if the accused fails to offer a reasonable explanation in discharge of the burden placed on him, that itself provides an additional link in the chain of circumstances proved against him. section 106 does not shift the burden of proof in a criminal trial, which is always upon the prosecution. it lays down the rule that when the accused does not throw any light upon facts which are specially within his knowledge and which could not support any theory or hypothesis compatible with his innocence, the court can consider his failure to adduce any explanation, as an additional link which completes the chain.the supreme court followed its earlier judgments in joseph v. state of kerala : 2000crilj2467 and sahadevan v. state : 2003crilj424 in joseph'scase, the supreme court held as follows:of late, courts have, from the falsity of the defence plea and false answers given to court, when questioned, found the missing links to be supplied by such answers for completing the chain of incriminating circumstances necessary to connect the person concerned with the crime committed see state of maharashtra v. suresh : (2000)1scc471 . that missing link to connect the accusedappellant, we find in this case provided by the blunt and outright denial of every one and all the incriminating circumstances pointed out which, in our view, with sufficient and reasonable certainty on the facts proved, connect the accused with the death and the cause for the death of gracy. in sahadevan's case, the supreme court held thus:therefore, it has become obligatory on the appellants to satisfy the court as to how, where and in what manner vadivelu parted company with them. this is on the principle that a person who is last found in the company of another, if later found missing, then the person with whom he was last found has to explain the circumstances in which they parted company. in the instant case the appellants have failed to discharge this onus. in their statement under section 313 crpc they have not taken any specific stand whatsoever.26. the principle of law which has been laid down in the aforesaid judgments would apply to the present case. the appellant was last seen in the company of the deceased by pw 8 on 12th february 2001. the testimony of pw 8 is that the appellant represented to him that he was accompanying the deceased to mumbai and that he was arranging to send the deceased to the u.k. by a flight which was to depart at 4 a.m. on 15th february 2001. the appellant accompanied pw 8 and the deceased from their village in punjab to delhi, where all of them were together at the international airport on the evening of 12th february 2001. there is absolutely no reason or justification to discard the testimony of pw 8. the defence of the appellant in his statement under section 313 is one of a blunt and complete denial. what happened after the evening of 12th february 2001, particularly when if at all the appellant parted with company with the deceased, were facts within the special knowledge of the appellant. it was for the appellant to explain those facts, but he chose instead a complete denial in his statement under section 313 of the code of criminal procedure, 1973. the additional link that connects the appellant with the crime and completes the chain is provided by his blunt and outright denial of every one of the incriminating circumstances. it was for the appellant who was last seen in the company of the deceased to explain the circumstances in which they parted company. the failure of the appellant to do so must weigh in the balance as a failure to explain facts which were within his special knowledge.27. in a case which rests on circumstantial evidence, the prosecution must discharge the burden of establishing all the circumstances which link the accused with the crime and, all those circumstances must be consistent only with the guilt of the accused. that burden has been discharged by the prosecution in the present case.28. consequently and for the aforesaid reasons, we do not find any infirmity in the judgment of the learned sessions judge. the appeal shall accordingly stand dismissed.