Krishna Yeshwant Narale Vs. Lakkawwa W/O Waman Kamble - Court Judgment

Excerpt:
[a] hindu marriage act, 1955: section 25(1) - permanent alimony - can be granted only when some relief is granted to spouse under the provisions of the act courts do nor have jurisdiction to grant permanent alimony if petition gets dismissed without granting any relief.;[b] hindu marriage act, 1955: section 25(2), (3) - petition of the husband for restitution of conjugal rights dismissed but permanent alimony granted to wife - separate application challenging earlier order of maintenance maintanable - since no relief granted in an earlier petition for restitution of conjugal rights the order of granting maintenance in the same proceedings is nullity - can be challenged at any stage. - section 10: [swatanter kumar, c.j., a.p. deshpande & smt. nishita mhatre, jj] admission to professional colleges - technical courses - publication of brochure on basis of which candidates seek admission to various institution keeping in mind their merit and preference of colleges held, for ensuring adherence to proper appreciation of an academic course, it is essential that the method of admission is just, fair and transparent. the first step in this direction would be publication of a brochure on the basis of which the applicants are supposed to aspire for admission to various institution keeping in mind their merit and preference of college. brochure, firstly has to be in conformity with law and the statutory scheme notified by the competent authority. it is a complete and composite document as it deals with the scheme for conducting their entrance examinations, declaration of results, general instructions and method of admission, etc. this brochure is binding on the applicants as well as the authorities. this brochure or admission notification issued by the state or other competent authority cannot be altered at a subsequent stage particularly once the process of admission has begun. there is hardly any exception to this accepted rule of law. section 10: [swatanter kumar, c.j., a.p. deshpande & smt. nishita mhatre,jj] admission to professional colleges - technical courses - approval to additional seats or to start new course - cut off dates held, the settled principle of law is that merit of the applicant is the primary criteria which would determine his rank as well as the college where he would be entitled to admission. this rule should not be frustrated as it will tantamount to entirely upsetting the object of admissions based on merit oriented method and would cast cloud on the fairness and transparency of the method of admission. one of the ways in which merit can be defeated is allowing increase in the intake strength or commencement if new colleges beyond cut-off date and admissions beyond the last date specified in the notification/calendar issued by the concerned authorities. this can be illustrated by giving an example. college a which is running a professional course like engineering or mba etc. has an intake capacity of 60 seats which has duly been notified in the information brochure. however, after the cut-off date, approval is granted by the aicte and thereafter, the process is taken up by the state and the intake capacity of the college is increased by 30 more seats. these seats would obviously, not be notified in the information brochure and the candidate who are meritorious and for whom college a; be the college of reference could not get seats or give preference as the seats were limited. none had the proper knowledge about the increase in intake of seats though at a much subsequent stage and may be even after the last date of admission is over either by themselves or under the order of the court even it is put on the internet or given in the newspaper, the candidates of higher rank or meritorious candidates would not be able to avail of that benefit because they have already submitted the testimonial, have paid their fees and the courses have commenced. in that situation, for variety of reasons, they may not be able to take admission in the institution of their higher preference while the candidates of much lower merit will be admitted to that course. besides defeating the merit, it has been commonly noticed that the late admissions made by the colleges directly effect notified candidates who have questioned it more than often as their admission process is not so just, fair and transparent which has given rise to the litigation. it is also a kind of back door entry method. another serious consequence that result from such admissions is shortening of the academic courses in an undesirable manner. it is expected of other candidate selected to a professional course that he or she would complete the course in its entirety and not by missing more than a month or so in joining the said course. this results in lowering the excellence of education as well as harms the academic standard of professional education. admission to professional colleges: [swatanter kumar, c.j., a.p. deshpande & smt. nishita mhatre, jj] technical courses - held, in process of admission to professional colleges relating to technical courses, primarily three institutional bodies are involved. (i) all india technical council for technical education, (ii) state of maharashtra through director of technical education and (iii) university to which such institution is affiliated the role of all these institutions in distinct and different but for a common object. primary of the rule of all india council for technical education (aicte) is now well settled but that certainly does not mean that role of the state government and for that matter the university is without any purpose or of no importance. the council is the authority constituted under the central act with the responsibility of maintaining education standards and judging upon the infra-structure and facilities available for imparting such professional education. its opinion is of utmost importance and shall take precedence over views of the state as well as that of the university. the concerned department of the state and the affiliating university has a role to pay but it is limited in its application. they cannot lay down any guidelines or policies which would be in conflict with the central statute or the students laid down a by the central body. state can frame its policy for admission to such professional courses but such policy again has to be in conformity with the directives issued by the central body. while the state grants its approval and university its affiliation for increased intake of seats or commencement for a new course/college, its directions should not offend and be repugnant to what has been laid down in the condition of approval granted by the central authority or council. what is most important is that all these authorities have to work ad idem as they all have a common object to achieve i.e. of proper imparting of education an ensuring maintenance of proper standards of education, examination and ensuring proper infrastructure for betterment of educational system. only if all these authorities work in a co-ordinated manner and with co-operation they would be able to achieve the very object for which all these entities exist admission to professional courses: [swatanter kumar, c.j.,a.p. deshpande & smt. nishita mhatre, jj] admission schedule - interference by courts held, all the expert bodies viz. aicte as well as directorate of education in consultation with the departments of the state regulating the process of admission and maintenance of standards of education had notified a legal binding document specifying dates and schedule for various matters in relation to admission of students and commencement of courses. there has to be so compelling circumstances and grounds before the court to interfere with the prescribed schedule. it is neither so arbitrary nor so perverse, keeping in view the essential features relating to imparting education to professional courses that it should invite judicial chastisement to the extent of laying down entirely new schedule. merely because there has been some delay on the part of either of these authorities to timely grant of either of these authorities to timely grant or decline approval and permission to commence a course per se would not be sufficient ground for disturbing the notified schedule and timely commencement of courses. - on the other hand, the learned counsel for the respondent wife contended that no appeal was filed against the order dated 17.12.1985, the order has become final and its validity and legality of that order cannot be challenged in subsequent collateral proceedings like a petition under section 25(2) and (3) of the hindu marriage act. it may be that the learned judge's order when he passed the order was good in law since he was bound by a decision of this court, when subsequently, the law has been declared by the apex court and now the legal position is that no permanent alimony can be granted under section 25(1) of the hindu marriage act unless relief is granted to either party under the provisions of the act.r.g. vaidyanatha, j.1. this is an appeal against the order dated 16.4.1992 in hindu marriage petition no. 1 of 1989 on the file of the additional district judge, cancel heard both the sides.2. few facts which are necessary for the disposal of this appeal are as follows:the parties are husband and wife. the husband filed hindu marriage petition no. 14 of 1981 against the wife for restitution of conjugal rights but the said petition came to be dismissed on 9.8.1982. then in the same proceedings, the wife filed an application under section 25 of the hindu marriage act claiming permanent alimony at the rate of rs. 400/- per month. the husband contested that application on many grounds including the ground that the application is not maintainable when the main petition had already been disposed of. the learned trial court framed issues including the issue of maintainability of the application. then in view of a decision of this court in shakuntalabai v. sahebrao, 1976 m.l.j. 512 : ilr 1978 bom. 127 the court held that the application is maintainable and then allowed the application of the wife and granted maintenance of rs. 150/- per month by the order dated 17.12.1985.subsequently, the husband filed hindu marriage petition no. 1 of 1989 in the court below under section 25(2) and (3) of the hindu marriage. act for cancelling the earlier order dated 17.12.1985. it was his case that the wife is unchaste and is not entitled to any maintenance and therefore, the earlier order of maintenance should be cancelled. after recording the evidence and hearing both the sides, the learned trial court dismissed the application filed by the husband by the impugned order dated 16.4.1982. being aggrieved by that order, the husband has come up in appeal.3. the learned counsel for the appellant-husband contended that the very earlier order of granting maintenance dated 17.12.1985 is illegal and without jurisdiction and therefore that order should have been set aside by the trial court and hence he prays that the appeal be allowed by setting aside that order. on the other hand, the learned counsel for the respondent wife contended that no appeal was filed against the order dated 17.12.1985, the order has become final and its validity and legality of that order cannot be challenged in subsequent collateral proceedings like a petition under section 25(2) and (3) of the hindu marriage act.4. the short point for consideration is whether the impugned order dated 17.12.1985 and 16.2.1982 are sustainable in law or not.5. since the argument now addressed before me is only about the legality of the order dated 17.12.1985 and since no arguments were addressed on the merits of the allegations in the petition in hindu marriage petition no. 1 of 19891 will consider only the legality and validity of the order dated 17.12.1985. according to section 25(1) of the hindu marriage act, the court exercising jurisdiction under the act at the time of passing any decree or at any time subsequently on the application of either of the spouses, may grant permanent alimony. this provision has been subject of matter of litigation and there are many reported decisions taking contrary view. one view is that relief under section 25(1) of the hindu marriage act is granted only when a court passes a decree by granting some relief to wife or his spouses under the act. other view is irrespective of the decisions on merits of the hindu marriage petition, the court has jurisdiction to grant permanent alimony under section 25(1) of the hindu marriage act. now dispute has been resolved by a recent decision of the apex court reported in chand dhawan v. jawaharlal dhavan : 1993crilj2930 an identical question arose for consideration before the apex court. the apex court has ruled that section 25(1) is attracted only when some relief is granted to one of the spouses to the marriage under the provisions of the hindu marriage act. in other words, if the petition under the hindu marriage act is dismissed without granting any relief to any of the parties then the court has no jurisdiction to grant permanent alimony to any spouse under section 25(1) of the hindu marriage act. in view of this latest authority of the apex court, there is no difficulty to hold that the order of the learned additional district judge dated 17.12.1985 is illegal and without jurisdiction.6. but the argument on behalf of the respondent is that the legality of the order dated 17.12.1985 cannot be questioned now and the order has been allowed to become final since no appeal was filed against the said order. the argument is no doubt attractive. but on deeper scrutiny, i find that when the order is challenged on the ground that it is an illegal order or one without jurisdiction its validity can be questioned at any stage. the supreme court had occasion to consider this question in kiran singh v. chaman paswan : [1955]1scr117 . there, the question was as to what is the validity of a decree without jurisdiction. in my view, for our present purpose, the observations noted below head note (a) are very relevant and it is as follows:it is a fundamental principal that a decree passed by a court without jurisdiction is a nullity, and that its invalidity could be set up whenever and wherever it is sought to be enforced or relied upon, even at the stage of execution and even in collateral proceedings. a defect of jurisdiction, whether it is pecuniary or territorial, or whether it is in respect of the subject-matter of the action, strike at the very authority of the court to pass any decree, and such a defect cannot be cured even by consent of parties.it is therefore, seen that if an order is without jurisdiction it could be challenged at any stage including at the stage of execution and even in collateral proceedings.in the present case, the appellant is challenging the impugned order by filing an application under section 25(3) of the hindu marriage act. it may be in the trial court, the challenge was on the ground that the wife had become unchaste or the wife has married again. but now, in this appeal, the challenge is now confined only to a legal ground, viz., that the court had no jurisdiction to pass such an order. hence, it cannot be said that this is not an appeal against the order dated 17.12.1985. the law itself provides that the order of maintenance granted under section 25(1) of the hindu marriage act can be cancelled at the instance of either party as provided under section 25(2) and (3) of the act. it may be now in this appeal a new legal ground is taken to challenge the order passed under section 25(1) of the act.it may be that the learned judge's order when he passed the order was good in law since he was bound by a decision of this court, when subsequently, the law has been declared by the apex court and now the legal position is that no permanent alimony can be granted under section 25(1) of the hindu marriage act unless relief is granted to either party under the provisions of the act. we have to hold that the learned district judge had no jurisdiction to grant maintenance under section 25(1) of the hindu marriage act when the main petition for restitution of conjugal rights had been dismissed. therefore, the order dated 17.12.1985 is without jurisdiction and is a nullity, it can be challenged at any stage including filing an application under section 25(2) and (3) of the said act. that is what has happened in this case.7. the learned counsel for the respondent invited my attention to a case reported in official trustee, w.b. v. sachindra. : [1969]3scr92 .there, the apex court has observed that an illegal order is liable to be set aside in appeal. the present question with which we are now concerned, viz., whether the validity of an order without jurisdiction can be questioned at any stage did not arise for consideration in that case.the learned counsel for the respondent also relied on state of punjab v. gurudev singh : (1992)illj283sc . that was a case where an office had been dismissed from service by the government. he did not file any suit challenging that order within the period of limitation. the punjab and haryana high court took the view that an order which is void or nullity need not be set aside and therefore, there is no limitation to challenge such an order. the supreme court observed that even a void order has de facto operation and therefore, not to be set aside and to be declared as a nullity by a court. the reason is that because of the dismissal order, even though a void order, the plaintiff had been discontinued from service and/or not getting salary or wages. therefore, that order had de facto operation which had prevented him from attending the office. in order to get salary or wages, that order had to be set aside, when there is no specific article in the limitation act, supreme court pointed out that the suit should be filed under the residuary article viz., article 113 of the limitation act. in my view, the said decision is not of assistance to the point under consideration. the learned counsel for the appellant also invited my attention to a case reported in mr. surji v. manki ram. : air1951all381 . that was a case where a decree had been passed by the high court against a dead person, which in law, is a. nullity. there was no challenge to the decree passed by the high court and the order had become final but subsequently, a third person filed an application under section 151 of the code of civil procedure bringing to the notice of the court that the order or decree has become a nullity, though the decree had become final, the allahabad high court held that it would be an abuse of the process of the court to allow such a decree which is a nullity to stand. the inherent powers of the court, it is observed, should be exercised to set aside such a decree.in my view, when it brought to the notice of the court that the trial court had no jurisdiction to grant such an order of maintenance under section 25(1) of the act, in view of the law declared by the highest court of the land, it would be sheer abuse of the process of the court to allow such an order to stand on mere technicalities. if it was a voidable order or a mere irregular order, different considerations would have applied. but the order is perse nullity and per se without jurisdiction; such an order cannot be allowed to stand merely on the ground that no appeal was filed against that order. in my view, such an order can be challenged under section 25(2) of the hindu marriage act and that is what exactly has been done by the appellant in this case.8. there is serious dispute between the parties about the chastity of the wife. according to the husband, the wife has married again and is living with another person. it appears, the husband had filed a private complaint for bigamy against the wife and it is now stated at the bar that the case is still pending.however, taking into consideration the circumstances of the case, i feel that the appellant should be ordered to pay rs. 1,000/- towards the arrears of maintenance and costs to the respondent.9. in the result, the appeal is allowed. the impugned orders dated 17.12.1985 and dated 16.4.1992 are hereby set aside. the respondent's application for maintenance under section 25(1) of the hindu marriage act is hereby dismissed. however, the appellant shall pay rs. 1,000/- towards the arrears of maintenance and costs of the respondent in respect of these proceedings. however, this order is without prejudice to the right of the respondent to claim maintenance from the appellant either under the hindu marriage act or under the hindu adoptions and maintenance act, 1956 or under section 125 of the code of criminal procedure by taking necessary steps according to law. the appellant is directed to deposit the said amount of rs. 1,000/- in the court of the district judge, sangli and on such deposit, the amount be paid to the respondent.certified copy of this judgment/order be issued expeditiously.