Arjun Sambhaji Khade and ors. Vs. Mangal Ankush Kharmate and ors. - Court Judgment

Excerpt:
- section 10: [swatanter kumar, c.j., a.p. deshpande & smt. nishita mhatre, jj] admission to professional colleges - technical courses - publication of brochure on basis of which candidates seek admission to various institution keeping in mind their merit and preference of colleges held, for ensuring adherence to proper appreciation of an academic course, it is essential that the method of admission is just, fair and transparent. the first step in this direction would be publication of a brochure on the basis of which the applicants are supposed to aspire for admission to various institution keeping in mind their merit and preference of college. brochure, firstly has to be in conformity with law and the statutory scheme notified by the competent authority. it is a complete and composite document as it deals with the scheme for conducting their entrance examinations, declaration of results, general instructions and method of admission, etc. this brochure is binding on the applicants as well as the authorities. this brochure or admission notification issued by the state or other competent authority cannot be altered at a subsequent stage particularly once the process of admission has begun. there is hardly any exception to this accepted rule of law. section 10: [swatanter kumar, c.j., a.p. deshpande & smt. nishita mhatre,jj] admission to professional colleges - technical courses - approval to additional seats or to start new course - cut off dates held, the settled principle of law is that merit of the applicant is the primary criteria which would determine his rank as well as the college where he would be entitled to admission. this rule should not be frustrated as it will tantamount to entirely upsetting the object of admissions based on merit oriented method and would cast cloud on the fairness and transparency of the method of admission. one of the ways in which merit can be defeated is allowing increase in the intake strength or commencement if new colleges beyond cut-off date and admissions beyond the last date specified in the notification/calendar issued by the concerned authorities. this can be illustrated by giving an example. college a which is running a professional course like engineering or mba etc. has an intake capacity of 60 seats which has duly been notified in the information brochure. however, after the cut-off date, approval is granted by the aicte and thereafter, the process is taken up by the state and the intake capacity of the college is increased by 30 more seats. these seats would obviously, not be notified in the information brochure and the candidate who are meritorious and for whom college a; be the college of reference could not get seats or give preference as the seats were limited. none had the proper knowledge about the increase in intake of seats though at a much subsequent stage and may be even after the last date of admission is over either by themselves or under the order of the court even it is put on the internet or given in the newspaper, the candidates of higher rank or meritorious candidates would not be able to avail of that benefit because they have already submitted the testimonial, have paid their fees and the courses have commenced. in that situation, for variety of reasons, they may not be able to take admission in the institution of their higher preference while the candidates of much lower merit will be admitted to that course. besides defeating the merit, it has been commonly noticed that the late admissions made by the colleges directly effect notified candidates who have questioned it more than often as their admission process is not so just, fair and transparent which has given rise to the litigation. it is also a kind of back door entry method. another serious consequence that result from such admissions is shortening of the academic courses in an undesirable manner. it is expected of other candidate selected to a professional course that he or she would complete the course in its entirety and not by missing more than a month or so in joining the said course. this results in lowering the excellence of education as well as harms the academic standard of professional education. admission to professional colleges: [swatanter kumar, c.j., a.p. deshpande & smt. nishita mhatre, jj] technical courses - held, in process of admission to professional colleges relating to technical courses, primarily three institutional bodies are involved. (i) all india technical council for technical education, (ii) state of maharashtra through director of technical education and (iii) university to which such institution is affiliated the role of all these institutions in distinct and different but for a common object. primary of the rule of all india council for technical education (aicte) is now well settled but that certainly does not mean that role of the state government and for that matter the university is without any purpose or of no importance. the council is the authority constituted under the central act with the responsibility of maintaining education standards and judging upon the infra-structure and facilities available for imparting such professional education. its opinion is of utmost importance and shall take precedence over views of the state as well as that of the university. the concerned department of the state and the affiliating university has a role to pay but it is limited in its application. they cannot lay down any guidelines or policies which would be in conflict with the central statute or the students laid down a by the central body. state can frame its policy for admission to such professional courses but such policy again has to be in conformity with the directives issued by the central body. while the state grants its approval and university its affiliation for increased intake of seats or commencement for a new course/college, its directions should not offend and be repugnant to what has been laid down in the condition of approval granted by the central authority or council. what is most important is that all these authorities have to work ad idem as they all have a common object to achieve i.e. of proper imparting of education an ensuring maintenance of proper standards of education, examination and ensuring proper infrastructure for betterment of educational system. only if all these authorities work in a co-ordinated manner and with co-operation they would be able to achieve the very object for which all these entities exist admission to professional courses: [swatanter kumar, c.j.,a.p. deshpande & smt. nishita mhatre, jj] admission schedule - interference by courts held, all the expert bodies viz. aicte as well as directorate of education in consultation with the departments of the state regulating the process of admission and maintenance of standards of education had notified a legal binding document specifying dates and schedule for various matters in relation to admission of students and commencement of courses. there has to be so compelling circumstances and grounds before the court to interfere with the prescribed schedule. it is neither so arbitrary nor so perverse, keeping in view the essential features relating to imparting education to professional courses that it should invite judicial chastisement to the extent of laying down entirely new schedule. merely because there has been some delay on the part of either of these authorities to timely grant of either of these authorities to timely grant or decline approval and permission to commence a course per se would not be sufficient ground for disturbing the notified schedule and timely commencement of courses. - 6. on the other hand, it was urged on behalf of the respondents that it was necessary that seven copies of the notice should be sent to the tahsildar since, the tahsildar is required to submit the notice to the zilla parishad, panchayat samiti, collector and the commissioner as well as to the secretary. where the members desire to move the motion of no confidence against the sarpanch as well as the upa-sarpanch, they shall give two separate notices. the sub-rule, therefore, clearly makes a distinction between the notice and the seven additional copies thereof. therefore, the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondents is not correct in relying upon the provisions of section 142 of the bombay village panchayats act, 1958 to support his submission that the controlling power of the standing committee would be affected by a failure to give an additional copy of the notice which has to be forwarded to the standing committee. therefore, the failure to furnish additional copies of the notice does not vitiate the process or render the motion of no confidence unlawful. singh in his principles of statutory interpretation (seventh edition, reprint 2000) points out that there are numerous cases where word 'shall' has been construed as merely directory (footnote 66 at page 299). 13. having regard to the underlying object of and the context in which the provision has been made in the rules for furnishing additional copies, and the provisions of the act, i am of the view that a motion of no confidence cannot stand vitiated by a mere defect in furnishing or a failure to furnish additional copies of the motion of no confidence. nandalal, [1975]2scr71 that the essential connotation of a no confidence motion is that a party against whom such a motion is passed has ceased to enjoy the confidence of the requisite majority of members.orderd.y. chandrachud, j.1. rule, made returnable forthwith. respondents waive service. by consent, taken up for hearing and final disposal.2. in these proceedings an order passed by the divisional commissioner, pune on 5th april, 2002 rejecting an appeal against an order passed by the additional collector, satara on 5th october, 2001 is called into question.3. a resolution of no confidence that had been passed by 8 out of 9 members of a grampanchayat against the first respondent was set aside by thecollector and the order of the collector has been affirmed in appeal. the order of the appellate authority has been challenged in these proceedings. the seven petitioners and the first respondent are elected members of the village panchayat of enkur. elections took place in the year 2000 and the tenure of the elected body was until 2005. the first respondent was elected as sarpanch of the grampanchayat. on 23rd august, 2001, 8 members of the grampanchayat moved an application before the tahsildar recording that they wanted to move a resolution of no confidence against the first respondent, on the ground that the first respondent had been carrying on the business of the grampanchayat in accordance with his own whims and fancies without taking the members of the grampanchayat into confidence and on the ground that the first respondent had been allotting work without proper resolutions. on this application, the tahsildar by his notice dated 24th august, 2001 convened a special general meeting of the grampanchayat on 30th august, 2001. there is no dispute about the fact that the special notice was forwarded to all the members of the grampanchayat including the first respondent. the application moved by the petitioners before the tahsildar was annexed to the notice. similarly, there is no dispute about the fact that at the meeting of the grampanchayat that was held on 30th august, 2001, the resolution of no confidence was passed by a majority of 8:1 the sole dissenter being the first respondent.4. the first respondent challenged the resolution by filing an application before the additional collector, satara. the additional collector allowed the appeal on the ground that copies of the requisition which have been submitted for the holding of the special general meeting had not been submitted in seven sets to the tahsildar and that the notice was not in the prescribed form. the order of the tahsildar has been affirmed by the divisional commissioner, pune.5. the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the petitioners has urged that the requirement of furnishing seven copies of the notice to the tahsildar is not mandatory, but is directory and so long as copies of the notice have been circulated to the sarpanch who was sought to be removed and to all the members of the grampanchayat, following which a resolution has been passed as required by the law, it was not open to the collector to interfere with the said resolution. moreover, it was sought to be urged that the form of the notice which is prescribed by the rules, to which a reference would be made hereafter, is not mandatory and so long as the notice contained the statement that the members sought to move resolution of no confidence and the reasons therefore, that was sufficient compliance with the requirement of the rules.6. on the other hand, it was urged on behalf of the respondents that it was necessary that seven copies of the notice should be sent to the tahsildar since, the tahsildar is required to submit the notice to the zilla parishad, panchayat samiti, collector and the commissioner as well as to the secretary. the learned counsel submits that these authorities have a controlling power under section 142 of the bombay village panchayats act, 1958 and having regard to the aforesaid statutory provision, it was necessary that a notice should be filed in seven copies.7. the power to remove a sarpanch or upa-sarpanch by moving a resolution of no confidence is contained in section 35 of the bombay village panchayats act, 1958. section 35 provides that a motion of no confidence bemoved by not less than two thirds of the total number of members who are for the time being entitled to sit and vote at any meeting. section 35 also makes a provision for the convening of a meeting of the panchayat by the tahsildar : for offering to the sarpanch or as the case may be the upa-sarpanch an opportunity to participate in the proceedings of the meeting and the requirement that the motion has to be carried out by a majority of not less than two thirds. there is no dispute about the fact that all these formalities were complied with and that the motion was carried by the requisite majority. the motion was moved by the requisite number of members of the grampanchayat, it was heard and debated with the participation of the first respondent and was duly carried with the requisite statutory majority.8. in exercise of powers conferred by section 176 of the act, rules have been framed, called bombay village panchayats sarpanch and upa-sarpanch (no confidence motion) rules, 1975. rules 2 and 3 provide as follows:'2(1) the members of the panchayat who desire to move a motion of no confidence against the sarpanch or upa-sarpanch shall give notice thereof in the form appended hereto to the tahsildar of the taluka in which such panchayat is functioning. where the members desire to move the motion of no confidence against the sarpanch as well as the upa-sarpanch, they shall give two separate notices.(2) the notice under sub-rule (1) shall be accompanied by seven additional copies thereof, and the tahsildar shall send one copy to the sarpanch, one copy to the upa-sarpanch and one each to the zilla parishad, panchayat samiti, the collector and the commissioner. one copy shall also be given to the secretary.(3) the tahsildar shall, immediately on receipt of notice under sub-rule (1), satisfy himself that the notice has been given by not less than one third of the total number of members who are for the time being entitled to sit and vote at any meeting of the panchayat and then convene a special meeting for the purpose within seven days from the date of receipt of such notice.''3. immediately after the meeting, the tahsildar shall communicate to the zilla parishad, the panchayat samiti, the collector and the commissioner, the names of all the members of the panchayat who were present at the meeting, the decision taken on motion, and the number of votes in favour of, or against the motion.'9. section 35(1) of the act to which a reference has already been made earlier requires that a motion of no confidence can be moved by not less than the stipulated number of members of the panchayat after giving notice as prescribed to the tahsildar. sub-rule (2) of rule 2 provides that the notice shall be accompanied by seven additional copies thereof. the tahsildar is then required to send one copy to the sarpanch, one to the upa-sarpanch and one each to the zilla parishad, panchayat samiti, the collector, the commissioner and the secretary. the furnishing of the copies to the sarpanch or as the case may be to the upa-sarpanch, who is sought to be removed is mandatory, because the elected member of the grampanchayat who is sought to be removed, by the passing of a no confidence resolution must have an adequate opportunity of defending himself or herself. that must comprehend an adequate notice of theproposed resolution and the grounds thereof. in the present case, the notice which was furnished contained the grounds on which the removal of the sarpanch was sought. the form appended to the rules requires the due recital of the grounds or basis of the notice. that was admittedly done, by setting out the reasons why the motion of no confidence was moved. what is mandatory by section 35 and by rule 2 is the furnishing of a notice to the tahsildar of the intention of the members of the grampanchayat to move a motion of no confidence. furnishing of the notice to the tahsildar is mandatory because it is on the basis of that notice that the tahsildar has to convene a special general meeting of the grampanchayat. sub-rule (2) of rule 2 provides that the notice shall be accompanied by seven additional copies. the sub-rule, therefore, clearly makes a distinction between the notice and the seven additional copies thereof. the furnishing of the notice is mandatory. thereafter rules 3 postulates that after the meeting is held, the tahsildar shall communicate to the zilla parishad, panchayat samiti, the collector and the commissioner the name of all the members of the panchayat who were present at the meeting, the decision taken on the motion and the number of votes in favour of or against the motion. the rule of the zilla parishad, panchayat samiti, the collector and the commissioner, if any, is after the resolution is passed. the zilla parishad and the panchayat samiti, collector and commissioner have to be intimated by the tahsildar in terms of rule 3 of all the names of the members of the panchayat, who were present, the decision taken and the number of votes in favour of or against the motion. insofar as the collector and the commissioner are concerned, they have adjudicatory powers thereafter. under section 35(3)(b), the sarpanch or upa-sarpanch can raise a dispute before the collector. under sub-section (3)(c) of section 35, a person aggrieved by the decision of the collector can file an appeal before the commissioner. these are adjudicatory powers. therefore, the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondents is not correct in relying upon the provisions of section 142 of the bombay village panchayats act, 1958 to support his submission that the controlling power of the standing committee would be affected by a failure to give an additional copy of the notice which has to be forwarded to the standing committee. therefore, the failure to furnish additional copies of the notice does not vitiate the process or render the motion of no confidence unlawful. rule 2(2) states that the notice shall be accompanied by seven additional copies. however, that requirement is not mandatory and a defect in supplying additional copies is only an irregularity which does not vitiate the proceeding.10. the concise oxford dictionary defines the expression 'shall', as 'to form statements or questions involving notions of command and future or conditional duty, obligation, etc....' black's law dictionary states that 'in common or ordinary parlance and in its, ordinary significance, the term 'shall' is a word of command and one which has always or which must be given a compulsory meaning as denoting obligation. the word in ordinary usage means must and is inconsistent with a concept of discretion.' black's dictionary, however, posits that the word can be merely permissive or directory (as equivalent to may) to carry out the legislative intention and in cases where no right or benefit to any one depends on its being taken in the imperative sense and where no public or private right is impaired by its interpretation in the other sense.11. thus though the expression 'shall' ordinarily implies a mandate the statute has to be looked at having regard to the legislative intent and purpose. thus the interpretation has to be in the light of the context, circumstance, consequence, purpose and object sought to be achieved. i12. in sainik motors v. state of rajashtan, : [1962]1scr517 mr. justice hidayatullah, j. (as the learned chief justice then was) held that ordinarily the expression 'shall' is mandatory but it is sometimes not so interpreted if the context or the intention otherwise demands. mr. justice subbarao, (as the learned chief justice then was), while delivering the judgment of the supreme court in state of u.p. v. babu ram upadhya, air 1961 sc 757 similarly held that though the word 'shall' is prima facie mandatory, the court may ascertain the real intention of the legislature by carefully attending to the whole scope of the statute. justice g. p. singh in his principles of statutory interpretation (seventh edition, reprint 2000) points out that there are numerous cases where word 'shall' has been construed as merely directory (footnote 66 at page 299).13. having regard to the underlying object of and the context in which the provision has been made in the rules for furnishing additional copies, and the provisions of the act, i am of the view that a motion of no confidence cannot stand vitiated by a mere defect in furnishing or a failure to furnish additional copies of the motion of no confidence.14. in a matter such as the present, the court must be guided by the fact that the resolution has been passed by an overwhelming majority of the elected members of the grampanchayat. a motion of no confidence under section 35 stands on a different footing from the removal of a sarpanch under section 39 for misconduct, negligence or incapacity in the performance of his duty. section 39 contemplates an enquiry to be pursued by the chief executive officer under the order of the president of the zilla parishad. this is in contradistinction to a motion for no confidence. a division bench of this court in nimba rajaram mali v. collector, jalgaon and ors. 1998 (3) mh.lj. 204 = 1998 (4) all mr 479 thus held following the judgment of the supreme court in babubhai mulji patel v. nandalal, : [1975]2scr71 that the essential connotation of a no confidence motion is that a party against whom such a motion is passed has ceased to enjoy the confidence of the requisite majority of members. in that case, it was held that a lapse on the part of the tahsildar in sending copies of the motion of no confidence to some of the authorities would not invalidate the motion of no confidence and in holding thus the division bench observed that in a democratic institution such as a grampanchayat, the will of the majority is of paramount importance. in my view, there was substantial compliance with the requirement of the rules. the motion of no confidence was proposed and carried by the requisite majority as required by section 35 of the act. both the authorities below were palpably in error in interfering with the decision reflected in the overwhelmingly large majority of the grampanchayat.15. in the circumstances, the petitioners are entitled to succeed. the petition is made absolute as prayed by quashing and setting aside the orders dated 5th october, 2001 of the additional collector, satara and of 5th april, 2002 passed by the divisional commissioner, pune. the application filed by the first respondents questioning the resolution of no confidence passed by thegrampanchayat shall in the circumstances stand dismissed, the writ petition is allowed in the aforesaid terms. there shall no order as to costs.parties to act on a copy of that order duly authenticated by sheristedar/p.a.of this court.

Judgment:
ORDER

D.Y. Chandrachud, J.

1. Rule, made returnable forthwith. Respondents waive service. By consent, taken up for hearing and final disposal.

2. In these proceedings an order passed by the Divisional Commissioner, Pune on 5th April, 2002 rejecting an appeal against an order passed by the Additional Collector, Satara on 5th October, 2001 is called into question.

3. A resolution of no confidence that had been passed by 8 out of 9 members of a Grampanchayat against the first respondent was set aside by theCollector and the order of the Collector has been affirmed in appeal. The order of the appellate authority has been challenged in these proceedings. The seven petitioners and the first respondent are elected members of the Village Panchayat of Enkur. Elections took place in the year 2000 and the tenure of the elected body was until 2005. The first respondent was elected as Sarpanch of the Grampanchayat. On 23rd August, 2001, 8 members of the Grampanchayat moved an application before the Tahsildar recording that they wanted to move a resolution of no confidence against the first respondent, on the ground that the first respondent had been carrying on the business of the Grampanchayat in accordance with his own whims and fancies without taking the members of the Grampanchayat into confidence and on the ground that the first respondent had been allotting work without proper resolutions. On this application, the Tahsildar by his notice dated 24th August, 2001 convened a special general meeting of the Grampanchayat on 30th August, 2001. There is no dispute about the fact that the special notice was forwarded to all the members of the Grampanchayat including the first respondent. The Application moved by the petitioners before the Tahsildar was annexed to the notice. Similarly, there is no dispute about the fact that at the meeting of the Grampanchayat that was held on 30th August, 2001, the resolution of no confidence was passed by a majority of 8:1 the sole dissenter being the first respondent.

4. The first respondent challenged the resolution by filing an application before the Additional Collector, Satara. The Additional Collector allowed the appeal on the ground that copies of the requisition which have been submitted for the holding of the special general meeting had not been submitted in seven sets to the Tahsildar and that the notice was not in the prescribed form. The order of the Tahsildar has been affirmed by the Divisional Commissioner, Pune.

5. The learned counsel appearing on behalf of the petitioners has urged that the requirement of furnishing seven copies of the notice to the Tahsildar is not mandatory, but is directory and so long as copies of the notice have been circulated to the Sarpanch who was sought to be removed and to all the members of the Grampanchayat, following which a resolution has been passed as required by the law, it was not open to the Collector to interfere with the said resolution. Moreover, it was sought to be urged that the form of the notice which is prescribed by the rules, to which a reference would be made hereafter, is not mandatory and so long as the notice contained the statement that the members sought to move resolution of no confidence and the reasons therefore, that was sufficient compliance with the requirement of the rules.

6. On the other hand, it was urged on behalf of the respondents that it was necessary that seven copies of the notice should be sent to the Tahsildar since, the Tahsildar is required to submit the notice to the Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti, Collector and the Commissioner as well as to the Secretary. The learned counsel submits that these authorities have a controlling power under Section 142 of the Bombay Village Panchayats Act, 1958 and having regard to the aforesaid statutory provision, it was necessary that a notice should be filed in seven copies.

7. The power to remove a Sarpanch or Upa-Sarpanch by moving a resolution of no confidence is contained in Section 35 of the Bombay Village Panchayats Act, 1958. Section 35 provides that a motion of no confidence bemoved by not less than two thirds of the total number of members who are for the time being entitled to sit and vote at any meeting. Section 35 also makes a provision for the convening of a meeting of the Panchayat by the Tahsildar : for offering to the Sarpanch or as the case may be the Upa-Sarpanch an opportunity to participate in the proceedings of the meeting and the requirement that the motion has to be carried out by a majority of not less than two thirds. There is no dispute about the fact that all these formalities were complied with and that the motion was carried by the requisite majority. The motion was moved by the requisite number of members of the Grampanchayat, it was heard and debated with the participation of the first respondent and was duly carried with the requisite statutory majority.

8. In exercise of powers conferred by Section 176 of the Act, rules have been framed, called Bombay Village Panchayats Sarpanch and Upa-Sarpanch (No Confidence Motion) Rules, 1975. Rules 2 and 3 provide as follows:

'2(1) The members of the Panchayat who desire to move a motion of no confidence against the Sarpanch or Upa-Sarpanch shall give notice thereof in the form appended hereto to the Tahsildar of the taluka in which such Panchayat is functioning. Where the members desire to move the motion of no confidence against the Sarpanch as well as the Upa-Sarpanch, they shall give two separate notices.

(2) The notice under Sub-rule (1) shall be accompanied by seven additional copies thereof, and the Tahsildar shall send one copy to the Sarpanch, one copy to the Upa-Sarpanch and one each to the Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti, the Collector and the Commissioner. One copy shall also be given to the Secretary.

(3) The Tahsildar shall, immediately on receipt of notice under Sub-rule (1), satisfy himself that the notice has been given by not less than one third of the total number of members who are for the time being entitled to sit and vote at any meeting of the Panchayat and then convene a special meeting for the purpose within seven days from the date of receipt of such notice.'

'3. Immediately after the meeting, the Tahsildar shall communicate to the Zilla Parishad, the Panchayat Samiti, the Collector and the Commissioner, the names of all the members of the Panchayat who were present at the meeting, the decision taken on motion, and the Number of votes in favour of, or against the motion.'

9. Section 35(1) of the Act to which a reference has already been made earlier requires that a motion of no confidence can be moved by not less than the stipulated number of members of the Panchayat after giving notice as prescribed to the Tahsildar. Sub-rule (2) of Rule 2 provides that the notice shall be accompanied by seven additional copies thereof. The Tahsildar is then required to send one copy to the Sarpanch, one to the Upa-Sarpanch and one each to the Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti, the Collector, the Commissioner and the Secretary. The furnishing of the copies to the Sarpanch or as the case may be to the Upa-Sarpanch, who is sought to be removed is mandatory, because the elected member of the Grampanchayat who is sought to be removed, by the passing of a no confidence resolution must have an adequate opportunity of defending himself or herself. That must comprehend an adequate notice of theproposed resolution and the grounds thereof. In the present case, the notice which was furnished contained the grounds on which the removal of the Sarpanch was sought. The Form appended to the rules requires the due recital of the grounds or basis of the notice. That was admittedly done, by setting out the reasons why the Motion of no confidence was moved. What is mandatory by Section 35 and by Rule 2 is the furnishing of a notice to the Tahsildar of the intention of the members of the Grampanchayat to move a motion of no confidence. Furnishing of the notice to the Tahsildar is mandatory because it is on the basis of that notice that the Tahsildar has to convene a special general meeting of the Grampanchayat. Sub-rule (2) of rule 2 provides that the notice shall be accompanied by seven additional copies. The sub-rule, therefore, clearly makes a distinction between the notice and the seven additional copies thereof. The furnishing of the notice is mandatory. Thereafter rules 3 postulates that after the meeting is held, the Tahsildar shall communicate to the Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti, the Collector and the Commissioner the name of all the members of the Panchayat who were present at the meeting, the decision taken on the motion and the number of votes in favour of or against the motion. The rule of the Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti, the Collector and the Commissioner, if any, is after the resolution is passed. The Zilla Parishad and the Panchayat Samiti, Collector and Commissioner have to be intimated by the Tahsildar in terms of Rule 3 of all the names of the members of the Panchayat, who were present, the decision taken and the number of votes in favour of or against the motion. Insofar as the Collector and the Commissioner are concerned, they have adjudicatory powers thereafter. Under Section 35(3)(b), the Sarpanch or Upa-Sarpanch can raise a dispute before the Collector. Under Sub-section (3)(c) of Section 35, a person aggrieved by the decision of the Collector can file an appeal before the Commissioner. These are adjudicatory powers. Therefore, the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondents is not correct in relying upon the provisions of Section 142 of the Bombay Village Panchayats Act, 1958 to support his submission that the controlling power of the standing committee would be affected by a failure to give an additional copy of the notice which has to be forwarded to the standing committee. Therefore, the failure to furnish additional copies of the notice does not vitiate the process or render the Motion of no confidence unlawful. Rule 2(2) states that the notice shall be accompanied by seven additional copies. However, that requirement is not mandatory and a defect in supplying additional copies is only an irregularity which does not vitiate the proceeding.

10. The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines the expression 'shall', as 'to form statements or questions involving notions of command and future or conditional duty, obligation, etc....' Black's law dictionary states that 'In common or ordinary parlance and in its, ordinary significance, the term 'shall' is a word of command and one which has always or which must be given a compulsory meaning as denoting obligation. The word in ordinary usage means must and is inconsistent with a concept of discretion.' Black's dictionary, however, posits that the word can be merely permissive or directory (as equivalent to may) to carry out the legislative intention and in cases where no right or benefit to any one depends on its being taken in the imperative sense and where no public or private right is impaired by its interpretation in the other sense.

11. Thus though the expression 'shall' ordinarily implies a mandate the statute has to be looked at having regard to the legislative intent and purpose. Thus the interpretation has to be in the light of the context, circumstance, consequence, purpose and object sought to be achieved. I

12. In Sainik Motors v. State of Rajashtan, : [1962]1SCR517 Mr. Justice Hidayatullah, J. (as the Learned Chief Justice then was) held that ordinarily the expression 'shall' is mandatory but it is sometimes not so interpreted if the context or the intention otherwise demands. Mr. Justice Subbarao, (as the Learned Chief Justice then was), while delivering the judgment of the Supreme Court in State of U.P. v. Babu Ram Upadhya, AIR 1961 SC 757 similarly held that though the word 'shall' is prima facie mandatory, the Court may ascertain the real intention of the Legislature by carefully attending to the whole scope of the statute. Justice G. P. Singh in his Principles of Statutory Interpretation (Seventh Edition, Reprint 2000) points out that there are numerous cases where word 'shall' has been construed as merely directory (Footnote 66 at page 299).

13. Having regard to the underlying object of and the context in which the provision has been made in the Rules for furnishing additional copies, and the provisions of the Act, I am of the view that a motion of no confidence cannot stand vitiated by a mere defect in furnishing or a failure to furnish additional copies of the motion of no confidence.

14. In a matter such as the present, the Court must be guided by the fact that the resolution has been passed by an overwhelming majority of the elected members of the Grampanchayat. A motion of no confidence under Section 35 stands on a different footing from the removal of a Sarpanch under Section 39 for misconduct, negligence or incapacity in the performance of his duty. Section 39 contemplates an enquiry to be pursued by the Chief Executive Officer under the order of the President of the Zilla Parishad. This is in contradistinction to a motion for no confidence. A Division Bench of this Court in Nimba Rajaram Mali v. Collector, Jalgaon and Ors. 1998 (3) Mh.LJ. 204 = 1998 (4) ALL MR 479 thus held following the judgment of the Supreme Court in Babubhai Mulji Patel v. Nandalal, : [1975]2SCR71 that the essential connotation of a No Confidence Motion is that a party against whom such a motion is passed has ceased to enjoy the confidence of the requisite majority of members. In that case, it was held that a lapse on the part of the Tahsildar in sending copies of the motion of no confidence to some of the authorities would not invalidate the motion of no confidence and in holding thus the Division Bench observed that in a democratic institution such as a Grampanchayat, the will of the majority is of paramount importance. In my view, there was substantial compliance with the requirement of the rules. The motion of no confidence was proposed and carried by the requisite majority as required by Section 35 of the Act. Both the authorities below were palpably in error in interfering with the decision reflected in the overwhelmingly large majority of the Grampanchayat.

15. In the circumstances, the petitioners are entitled to succeed. The Petition is made absolute as prayed by quashing and setting aside the orders dated 5th October, 2001 of the Additional Collector, Satara and of 5th April, 2002 passed by the Divisional Commissioner, Pune. The application filed by the first respondents questioning the resolution of no confidence passed by theGrampanchayat shall in the circumstances stand dismissed, the Writ Petition is allowed in the aforesaid terms. There shall no order as to costs.

Parties to act on a copy of that order duly authenticated by Sheristedar/P.A.of this Court.