imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji - Court Judgment

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			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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Code Context
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			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'pubs' => '(1878)ILR2Bom564',
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$title_for_layout = 'Imperatrix Vs Dongaji Andaji - Citation 328876 - Court Judgment | '
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	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '328876',
		'acts' => '',
		'appealno' => '',
		'appellant' => 'imperatrix',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'court' => 'Mumbai',
		'court_type' => 'PC',
		'decidedon' => '1878-04-29',
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		'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
)
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Melvill, J.

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			'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
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			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
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1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.

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			'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
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2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.

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			'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'pubs' => '(1878)ILR2Bom564',
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$title_for_layout = 'Imperatrix Vs Dongaji Andaji - Citation 328876 - Court Judgment | '
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	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '328876',
		'acts' => '',
		'appealno' => '',
		'appellant' => 'imperatrix',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'court' => 'Mumbai',
		'court_type' => 'PC',
		'decidedon' => '1878-04-29',
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		'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
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3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.

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			'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
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			'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
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4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Imperatrix Vs Dongaji Andaji - Citation 328876 - Court Judgment | ',
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		'Judgement' => array(
			'id' => '328876',
			'acts' => '',
			'appealno' => '',
			'appellant' => 'imperatrix',
			'authreffered' => '',
			'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'court' => 'Mumbai',
			'court_type' => 'PC',
			'decidedon' => '1878-04-29',
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			'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
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5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.

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			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'pubs' => '(1878)ILR2Bom564',
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$title_for_layout = 'Imperatrix Vs Dongaji Andaji - Citation 328876 - Court Judgment | '
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	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '328876',
		'acts' => '',
		'appealno' => '',
		'appellant' => 'imperatrix',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'court' => 'Mumbai',
		'court_type' => 'PC',
		'decidedon' => '1878-04-29',
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		'favorof' => null,
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		'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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		'respondent' => 'Dongaji Andaji',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
)
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Kemball, J.

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			'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
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			'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
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6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.

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			'id' => '328876',
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			'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
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7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.

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			'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'decidedon' => '1878-04-29',
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			'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'pubs' => '(1878)ILR2Bom564',
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$title_for_layout = 'Imperatrix Vs Dongaji Andaji - Citation 328876 - Court Judgment | '
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	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '328876',
		'acts' => '',
		'appealno' => '',
		'appellant' => 'imperatrix',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'court' => 'Mumbai',
		'court_type' => 'PC',
		'decidedon' => '1878-04-29',
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		'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
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8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.

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			'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
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			'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
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9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.

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			'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
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[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]

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			'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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			'pubs' => '(1878)ILR2Bom564',
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$title_for_layout = 'Imperatrix Vs Dongaji Andaji - Citation 328876 - Court Judgment | '
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	'Judgement' => array(
		'id' => '328876',
		'acts' => '',
		'appealno' => '',
		'appellant' => 'imperatrix',
		'authreffered' => '',
		'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'court' => 'Mumbai',
		'court_type' => 'PC',
		'decidedon' => '1878-04-29',
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		'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
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Michael Westropp, C.J.

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			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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		'respondent' => 'Dongaji Andaji',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
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10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Imperatrix Vs Dongaji Andaji - Citation 328876 - Court Judgment | ',
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			'id' => '328876',
			'acts' => '',
			'appealno' => '',
			'appellant' => 'imperatrix',
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			'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
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			'court' => 'Mumbai',
			'court_type' => 'PC',
			'decidedon' => '1878-04-29',
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			'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
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11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.

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			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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$title_for_layout = 'Imperatrix Vs Dongaji Andaji - Citation 328876 - Court Judgment | '
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		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
)
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12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Imperatrix Vs Dongaji Andaji - Citation 328876 - Court Judgment | ',
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			'id' => '328876',
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			'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
			'caseanalysis' => null,
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			'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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		'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
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13. The appeal abates.

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	'title_for_layout' => 'Imperatrix Vs Dongaji Andaji - Citation 328876 - Court Judgment | ',
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			'id' => '328876',
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			'appellant' => 'imperatrix',
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			'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
			'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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			'court' => 'Mumbai',
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			'decidedon' => '1878-04-29',
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			'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
			'judgement' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Melvill, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Kemball, J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p style="text-align: justify;">11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">13. The appeal abates.<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">',
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$title_for_layout = 'Imperatrix Vs Dongaji Andaji - Citation 328876 - Court Judgment | '
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		'casename' => 'imperatrix Vs. Dongaji Andaji',
		'casenote' => 'The Code of Criminal Procedure (Act X of 1872), Sections 280 and 297 - Death of appellant--Abatement of appeal--Revision. - MAHARASHTRA SCHEDULED CASTES, SCHEDULED TRIBES, DE-NOTIFIED TRIBES (VIMUKTA JATIS), NOMADIC TRIBES, OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES AND SPECIAL BACKWARD CATEGORY (REGULATION OF ISSUANCE AND VERIFICATION OF) CASTE CERTIFICATE ACT (23 OF 2001), Sections 6 & 10: [S.B. Mhase, A.P. Deshpande & P.B. Varale, JJ] Caste Certificate  Petitioner seeking appointment against the post reserved for member of Schedule Tribe  His caste certificate was invalidated subsequently  Held, His appointment would not be protected. The observations/directions issued by Supreme Court in Para 36 of judgment in the case of State v Millind reported in 2001 91) Mah. LJ SC 1 is not the law declared by Supreme Court under Article 141 of the Constitution of India. Said observations/directions are issued in exercise of powers under Article 142 of the Constitution and also have no application to the cases relating to appointments and are restricted to the cases relating to admissions. The protection, if any, to be granted in the fact and circumstances of case would depend upon exercise of discretion by Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Said powers under Article 142 of Constitution is not available to the High Court. Hence no protection can be granted by High Court even in cases relating to admissions.  -  probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu.',
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		'judge' => 'Michael Westropp, C.J. ;Melvill and ;Kemball, JJ.',
		'judgement' => '<p>Melvill, J.</p><p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.</p><p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.</p><p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.</p><p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.</p><p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.</p><p>Kemball, J.</p><p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.</p><p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.</p><p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.</p><p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.</p><p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]</p><p>Michael Westropp, C.J.</p><p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'</p><p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.</p><p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.</p><p>13. The appeal abates.<p></p><p>',
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	(int) 0 => '<p>Melvill, J.',
	(int) 1 => '<p>1. The proceedings in this case have been called for with the view of hearing an appeal preferred by the convict against the finding and sentence of the Sessions Court of Puna. In the meantime the convict has died in Jail.',
	(int) 2 => '<p>2. The sentence included a fine of one thousand rupees; and as, under Section 70 of the Penal Code, the estate of the deceased convict is still liable for the discharge of this fine, Mr. Vinayak Pandit asks that he may be heard against the conviction.',
	(int) 3 => '<p>3. Mr. Vinayak holds a power of attorney from the deceased convict, but this power was terminated by the death of the principal. He offers to produce a vakalatnama signed by the convict's representative; but it is clear that such representative has no locus standi in the case. In criminal cases, in which the sentence involves a fine or forfeiture of property, the representative of a deceased convict is, no doubt, interested in procuring a reversal of such sentence, and the Legislature might, if it had seen fit, have given to such representative the right of prosecuting an appeal. But it has not seen fit to do so. That right is given to the convict only; and, when he dies, no one can be heard in support of the appeal.',
	(int) 4 => '<p>4. The question remains--whether, after the death of the appellant, we ought, as an Appellate Court, to consider the propriety of the conviction and sentence, notwithstanding that there is no longer any person in existence who can prosecute the appeal. I think that we ought not. Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code says that 'the Appellate Court, after perusing the proceedings of the lower Court, and after hearing the appellant, his counsel, or agent, if they appear may alter or reverse the finding and sentence or order of such Court, and may, if it see reason to do so, enhance any punishment that has been awarded, or order the appellant to be re-tried.' It is manifest that, when the appellant is dead, we are unable to exercise most of the functions assigned by this section to a Court of Appeal. We cannot hear the appellant. We cannot enhance any sentence of imprisonment. We might enhance a fine; but, by so doing, we should only be punishing an innocent person, who has had no opportunity of being heard. We cannot order the appellant to be re-tried. It being, therefore, impossible for us to deal with the appeal thoroughly, I do not think that we ought to 'peruse the proceedings' for the purpose of forming an opinion on the facts, and on the chance that we may thereupon find some ground for interfering on behalf of the convict, or rather of his representative.',
	(int) 5 => '<p>5. In a recent case the Chief Justice and myself did consider the proceedings in a criminal case after the death of the convict. But the proceedings in that case had been called for under Section 297, and we were sitting as a Court of Revision. No person has any right to be heard before the High Court in the exercise of its powers of revision. The Court is not supposed to be acting on the application of the convict, but in the exercise of its power of supervision over subordinate Courts, and with a view to correcting their errors. I think that we should have power to interfere in the present case, as a Court of Revision, if we saw any error in law, invalidating the conviction, or if the sentence were too severe for the offence which has been held by the Sessions Court to be proved. But I can see no error in law, nor is the sentence excessive, if, the facts be as the Sessions Court has found them. We cannot, therefore, exercise our powers of revision; and, considering the case before us solely as an appeal, I am of opinion that the appeal abated on the death of the appellant, and that our functions as an Appellate Court ceased.',
	(int) 6 => '<p>Kemball, J.',
	(int) 7 => '<p>6. I agree in thinking that the representatives of the deceased convict cannot prosecute this appeal. But I am unable to concur in the view that the appeal abated, and our functions as an Appellate Court ceased upon the death of the appellant.',
	(int) 8 => '<p>7. The question is not without its difficulties; but my opinion is that, as the hearing of the appellant, his counsel, or agent, is not an indispensable condition to considering an appeal, and as everything that was necessary to be done to enable us to hear this appeal was done before the death of the appellant, we are bound, having the record and proceedings before us, to dispose of the case on its merits.',
	(int) 9 => '<p>8. Assuming that the law imposes no obstacle, I do not think the question of our ability to proceed ought to be affected by the consideration that we are unable to exercise some of the discretionary powers vested in us as a Court of Appeal, or able to exercise others to the detriment of an innocent man unheard. It may or may not be to the interest of the representative to clear the memory of the deceased appellant; but, irrespective of that question, I think the balance of advantages to such representative is in favour of the appeal being considered. Supposing the fine not to have been paid at the time of his death, the property of a deceased convict is, as we know, answerable in the hands of his legal representative for such fine, provided that the period limited for its levy has not expired. And there is this further to be considered, that the Appellate Court, in consenting to call for the papers, has so far pronounced in the convict's favour.',
	(int) 10 => '<p>9. It is an undoubted fact that a great number of appeals are disposed of by this Court without the appellants being heard in person or by counsel; probably because the appellants are in jail, and are too poor or too ignorant to employ counsel. No doubt the proviso as to appearance in Section 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code applies to such cases, but whatever may have been the intention of the Legislature, it would also literally apply to the case now under consideration. I have no doubt that, as a Court of Revision, we could dispose of this case, but I think we are bound to decide it as a Court of Appeal.',
	(int) 11 => '<p>[The learned Judges, having differed in opinion, as appears from the above minutes, the case was laid before the Honourable the Chief Justice under the provisions of Section 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.]',
	(int) 12 => '<p>Michael Westropp, C.J.',
	(int) 13 => '<p>10. It is true that the fine, which is leviable out of moveable property only of the convict (Criminal Procedure Code, Section 307, Reg v. Lalla Karwar, 5 Bom. H.C. Rep. 63, continues to be so leviable after his death (Penal Code, Section 70*), and, therefore, his representatives or legatees, as the case may be, are, if the fine have been wrongfully imposed, injuriously affected after his death by the sentence which so imposed the fine, and have an interest in continuing the appeal which he had instituted in his life-time. There is not, however, so far as I can perceive, any authority given, either expressly or by direct implication, to them to continue such an appeal, or to bring a new appeal. The Criminal Procedure Code has not made any provision for the continuance of the appeal either by the heir, or devisee, or executor of the deceased convict, or by any other person. The High Court cannot itself assume the position of the appellant and conduct the appeal, and has not power conferred upon it to depute any other person to do so. It has been frequently held in England that an appeal lies only where it is given by statute, expressly or by inevitable implication, and in this respect differs from a certiorari, which is a common law right, and always lies, unless it be expressly taken away. (The cases are collected in 1 Burns' Justice, Titles 'Appeal,' p. 219, and 'Certiorari,' p. 617, 30th edn.). Section 286 of the Criminal Procedure Code prohibits appeals in any case except those provided for by the Code itself, or by any law for the time being in force. The power of revision in the High Court is not, indeed, a common law right like the writ of certiorari, but it is given by Sections 294, 297 of the Criminal Procedure Code (1872) in the widest terms, and is even more extensive than the proceedings by certiorari to which the Court of Queen's Bench resorts upon application only, whereas the High Court may and frequently does exercise its power of revision ex mero motu. Section 297 shows that the case may be either called for by the Court itself, or may be reported for orders, or brought to the knowledge of the Court in any way, so that, even though there may be no right in the next of kin, legatee, or other representative of the deceased convict to appeal or continue an appeal already lodged by the convict, such representatives are not without the means of attaining justice. They may bring their grievances to the knowledge of the Court, which will, if a prima facie case for interference be shown, call for the record with a view to revision and rectification. In the case of an appeal the appellant has the carriage of the proceedings, but in the exercise of its revising power the High Court conducts the proceeding. It is an important branch of its duty of supervision of the Courts subordinate to it. So in England 'it is the undoubted prerogative of the Crown to see that all inferior jurisdictions are kept within their proper bounds, and on that principle the whole doctrine of certiorari proceeds,' {per Foster, J., in the case of the King v. Berkley, 1 Kenyon 81, and, therefore, the Court of Queen's Bench, the medium through which the Crown exercises that prerogative, having a general superintendency over all Courts of inferior jurisdiction, may award a writ of certiorari to remove the proceedings from any of them, unless some particular statute or charter invests them with absolute judicature (1 Burns' Justice of the Peace, tit. 'Certiorari,' pp. 616, 617). The circumstance that the jurisdiction under that writ is one of supervision and not of appeal, may account for the decision Reg. v. Roberts 2 Stran Rep. 937, which is shortly reported thus: 'The defendant, being a bricklayer, was convicted, for not building party walls according to the statute, and having brought a certiorari died before argument, notwithstanding which the Court would go on and affirm the conviction.'',
	(int) 14 => '<p>11. If I am right in supposing that the determination of the Court of King's Bench in that case proceeded upon the principle of supervision, it is an a fortiori precedent for the High Court, which, in the exercise of its duty of superintendence, ma y and, perhaps, most frequently does act ex mero motu. I have not been able to find any instance of the Court allowing an appeal from a conviction or a writ of error in a criminal case to proceed where the appellant or plaintiff in error had died. I infer from this that the Court of Queen's Bench would regard the proceedings in such cases as having finally abated, and would, in a manner, apply to such proceedings the maxim which Courts do apply to civil actions, and more especially to such actions when in form ex delicto--'actio personalis moritur cum persona.' I do not, however, know any criminal case in which the English: Courts have expressly resorted to that maxim.',
	(int) 15 => '<p>12. My opinion is, that the appeal in the present case has abated, and cannot be permitted to proceed further. I think that the High Court has, however, this right to call for the record, and make such order thereon as it may deem t;o be due to justice. I do not understand that my opinion is required by my brothers Melvill and Kemball on the question whether such a case has been made as to render it desirable that the record should be brought up.',
	(int) 16 => '<p>13. The appeal abates.<p>',
	(int) 17 => '<p>'
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